Preferred Exchange Agreement between Royale Energy, Inc., Royale Energy Holdings, Inc., and the holders of the preferred limited partnership interests of Matrix Investments, LP (February 28, 2018)

ARTICLE I DEFINITIONS		4
ARTICLE II AGREEMENT FOR PREFERRED EXCHANGE; CLOSING		18
Section 2.01	Exchange of Matrix Preferred Interests for the Preferred Exchange Consideration	18
Section 2.02	Payment of Preferred Exchange Consideration	18
Section 2.03	No Fractional Shares	18
Section 2.04	Non-Survival of Representations and Warranties	18
ARTICLE III ESCROW; CLOSING		19
Section 3.01	Escrow Closing	19
Section 3.02	Delivery of Matrix Preferred Interests	19
Section 3.03	Preferred Exchange Closing	19
ARTICLE IV REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE HOLDERS		19
Section 4.01	No Conflicts under Governing Documents; Consents	20
Section 4.05	No Conflict with Certain Other Indebtedness	21
Section 4.11	No Other Representations or Warranties	22
ARTICLE V REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF ROYALE AND THE PARENT		23
Section 5.01	Organization and Qualification of the Royale Parties	23
Section 5.02	Authority; Board Approval	23
Section 5.03	No Conflicts; Consents	24
Section 5.04	Capitalization	25
Section 5.05	No Prior Operations; No Subsidiaries	26
Section 5.06	SEC Reports; Financial Statements	26
Section 5.07	Undisclosed Liabilities	27
Section 5.08	Absence of Certain Changes, Events and Conditions	27
Section 5.09	Royale Material Contracts	27
Section 5.10	Properties and Assets	28
Section 5.11	Intellectual Property	30
Section 5.12	Insurance	31
Section 5.13	Legal Proceedings; Governmental Orders	31
Section 5.14	Compliance With Laws; Permits	32
Section 5.15	Environmental Laws	32
Section 5.16	Employee Benefit Matters	32
Section 5.17	Employment Matters	35
Section 5.18	Taxes	36
Section 5.19	Books and Records	38

Section 5.20	Related Party Transactions	38
Section 5.21	Brokers	38
Section 5.22	Legal Proceedings	38
Section 5.23	Registration Statement	38
Section 5.24	Opinion of Financial Advisor	39
Section 5.25	No Other Representations or Warranties	39
ARTICLE VI CERTAIN COVENANTS AND AGREEMENTS OF PARENT, ROYALE AND THE HOLDERS		39
Section 6.01	Conduct of Business Prior to the Closing	39
Section 6.02	Registration Statement; Approval by Royale’s Stockholders	41
Section 6.03	Approval of the Holders	42
Section 6.04	Approval of the Partnership and the Holders	42
Section 6.05	Certain Pre-Merger Actions of Royale Parties	42
Section 6.06	Notice of Certain Events	43
Section 6.07	Public Announcements	43
Section 6.08	Governmental Approvals and Consents	44
Section 6.09	Closing Conditions	44
Section 6.10	Subsequent Filings	45
Section 6.11	Stockholder Litigation	45
Section 6.12	Listing on National Securities Exchange	45
Section 6.13	Further Assurances	45
Section 6.14	Certain Tax Matters	45
Section 6.15	Matrix Senior Indebtedness	47
Section 6.16	Consents to Matrix Merger and Other Exchanges	47
ARTICLE VII RESERVED		47
ARTICLE VIII CONDITIONS TO CLOSING		47
Section 8.01	Conditions to Obligations of All Parties	47
Section 8.02	Conditions to Obligations of Royale and Parent	48
Section 8.03	Conditions to Obligations of Holders	50
Section 8.04	Closing Deliverables	51
ARTICLE IX TERMINATION		53
Section 9.01	Termination	53
Section 9.02	Effect of Termination	54
ARTICLE X MISCELLANEOUS		55
Section 10.01	Expenses	55
Section 10.02	Notices	55
Section 10.03	Interpretation	56

Section 10.04	Headings	56
Section 10.05	Severability	56
Section 10.06	Entire Agreement	56
Section 10.07	Successors and Assigns	57
Section 10.08	Amendment and Modification; Waiver	57
Section 10.09	Governing Law; Submission to Jurisdiction; Waiver of Jury Trial	57
Section 10.10	Specific Performance	58
Section 10.11	Counterparts	58
Exhibits
Exhibit A	Preferred Exchange Consideration and List of Holders
Exhibit B	Intentionally Omitted
Exhibit C	Letter of Transmittal from Holders
Exhibit D	Form of Section 351 Plan of Merger and Exchange

Section 2.01          Exchange of Matrix Preferred Interests for the Preferred Exchange Consideration.  The parties hereto acknowledge that they have received and reviewed (i) the Section 351 Plan of Exchange in the form set forth in Exhibit D (the “Plan of Exchange”) and (ii) the Proxy Statement/Prospectus.  After such review, and following consultation with such legal, tax and financial advisors as such party deems advisable, Parent elects to make the following exchanges with each Holder, and each Holder elects to make the following exchanges with Parent, as indicated below, subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement and concurrently with the Matrix Merger:

Section 2.02          Payment of Preferred Exchange Consideration.  Parent shall deliver 100% of the Preferred Exchange Consideration payable to each respective Holder against delivery by such Holder of a Letter of Transmittal together with all certificates, if any, representing such Holder’s Matrix Preferred Interest conveying all of such Holder’s Matrix Preferred Interests to Parent at Closing.

Section 2.03          No Fractional Shares.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, no fractional shares of Series B Preferred Stock will be issued pursuant to this Section 2.03.  If any Holder would otherwise be entitled hereunder to receive a fractional share of Series B Preferred Stock but for this paragraph, then the aggregate number of shares of Series B Preferred Stock that such Holder is entitled to receive will be (i) rounded up to the next applicable whole share, if the aggregate number of fractional shares of Series B Preferred to which a Holder would otherwise be entitled under this Agreement would be equal to or greater than one-half (0.5) of one share, or (ii) rounded down to the next applicable whole share, if the aggregate number of fractional shares of Series B Preferred Stock to which a Holder would otherwise be entitled under this Agreement would be less than one-half (0.5) of one share, and such Holder will not receive cash or any other compensation in lieu of such fractional share of Series B Preferred Stock.

Section 2.04          Non-Survival of Representations and Warranties.  Absent actual fraud, and any intentional, willful and material breach of any representation or warranty contained in this Agreement by the Holders or any Royale Party, as applicable, none of the representations and warranties contained in this Agreement or in any instrument delivered under this Agreement will survive the Closing of the Preferred Exchange. This Section 2.04 does not limit any

Section 3.01          Escrow Closing.  A closing into Escrow (“Escrow Closing”) will take place immediately prior to the Closing (as defined below); provided that each of the conditions precedent to the obligations of the parties to effect the Closing other than completion of the Matrix Merger are then satisfied or waived by the applicable party. At the Escrow Closing, the parties will deliver or cause to be delivered into escrow with the Corporate Secretary of Parent (“Escrow Agent”) the documents described in Section 8.04 below.  The parties may agree in writing on another date, time or place for the Escrow Closing.

Section 3.02          Delivery of Matrix Preferred Interests.  Prior to the Closing, the Parent will deliver to each of the Holders a Letter of Transmittal, in substantially the form attached hereto as Exhibit C, to be used by each Holder for surrendering to Parent certificates, if any, representing all of such Holder’s Matrix Preferred Interests in exchange for the right to receive the Preferred Exchange Consideration.  On the Escrow Closing Date, certificates, if any, for all of the Matrix Preferred Interests held by each Holder will be delivered by such Holder to the Escrow Agent for the benefit of the Parent together with properly completed and executed Letters of Transmittal.

(a)          It is agreed that no assignment, transfer or other disposition of record or beneficial ownership of any Matrix Preferred Interests may be made on or after the date hereof other than as provided herein.

(b)          The delivery of the Preferred Exchange Consideration to the Holders with respect to their respective Matrix Preferred Interests shall be deemed to transfer in full all of such Holder’s rights, title and interests in and pertaining to the Matrix Preferred Interests to the Parent.

Section 3.03          Preferred Exchange Closing.  Closing of the Preferred Exchange (the “Closing”) will occur concurrently with the Matrix Merger and as soon as practicable after the special meeting of Matrix shareholders to consider and vote upon the Matrix Merger (the “Closing Date”); provided that each of the conditions precedent to the obligations of the parties to effect the Closing are then satisfied or waived by the applicable party.  The parties may agree in writing on another date, time or place for the Closing.  At the Closing, the parties will release or cause the Escrow Agent to release the escrowed documents from escrow to the parties designated to receive such documents under this Agreement, and Parent shall pay and deliver the Preferred Exchange Consideration to the Holders as prescribed in this Agreement.

Section 4.01          No Conflicts under Governing Documents; Consents.  The execution, delivery and performance by the Holders of this Agreement and the respective Letters of Transmittal to which they are a party, and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, do not and will not:

(a)          if such Holder is an entity, conflict with or result in a violation or breach of, or default under, any provision of the Governing Documents of such Holder;

(b)          conflict with or result in a violation or breach of, or default under, any provision of the Governing Documents of the Partnership;

(c)          conflict with or violate any Applicable Law or any order or decree of any court or governmental instrumentality applicable to such Holder or any of its property; or

(d)          Require any consent, approval, Permit, Governmental Order, declaration or filing with, or notice to, any Governmental Authority by or with respect to such Holder;

(e)          except as set forth in Section 4.01 of the Disclosure Schedules, require the consent of, notice to or other action by any Person under any Contract to which such Holder is a party.

Section 4.02          Power and Authority; Authorization; Binding Effect.

(a)          Such Holder has all necessary power, authority and, if an individual, legal capacity to execute and deliver this Agreement, to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby and to perform its obligations hereunder in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.  This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by such Holder and constitutes a legal, valid and binding obligation of such Holder enforceable against such Holder in accordance with its terms, except as may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other similar laws affecting the enforcement of creditors’ rights in general and subject to general principles of equity (regardless of whether such enforceability is considered in a proceeding in equity or at law).

(b)          If such Holder is an entity, it (i) is duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of its jurisdiction of organization and charter, (ii) has all requisite power to execute, deliver and perform this Agreement, and (iii) the execution, delivery and performance by it of this Agreement have been duly authorized by all necessary action on the part of the general partners, managers or other governing authority of such Holder.

(c)          The board of directors of Matrix, as the board of directors of the sole general partner of the Partnership, pursuant to resolutions duly adopted by unanimous vote at a meeting of all directors of Matrix duly called and held and not subsequently rescinded or modified, has, as of the date hereof (i) determined that this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby, including the Preferred Exchange, are advisable and in the best interests of, the Holders, (ii) approved and adopted, subject to the terms hereof, the Section 351 Plan, (iii) approved and declared advisable the “Agreement and Plan of Exchange” contained in this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including the Preferred Exchange, in accordance with the CCC, (iv) directed that the “Agreement and Plan of Exchange” contained in this

Section 4.03          Ownership of the Matrix Preferred Shares.  Each Holder is the beneficial and record owner of Matrix Preferred Interests representing the percentage interest in the aggregate Matrix Preferred Interests set forth opposite such Holder’s name on Exhibit A attached hereto and, upon release of Holder’s Matrix Preferred Interests and related Letters of Transmittal from escrow, and the delivery thereof to Parent as provided herein, such Holder shall have conveyed to Parent good and marketable title to the Matrix Preferred Interests free and clear of all liens, except as set forth in Section 4.03 of the Disclosure Schedules.  None of the Matrix Preferred Interests held by any Holder is subject to any warrant, option, purchase or other right (contingent or otherwise) to acquire, exchange or otherwise dispose of such Matrix Preferred Interests.

Section 4.04          Compliance with Other Obligations of Holders.  The execution, delivery and performance by each Holder of this Agreement, the exchange of the Matrix Preferred Interests pursuant to this Agreement and the consummation of the other transactions contemplated hereby will not conflict with or result in the breach or termination of, constitute a default under, result in the creation or attachment of any lien under, or accelerate any performance required by, any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, lease, agreement or other instrument to which any Holder is a party or by which any Holder or any of its property is bound.

Section 4.05          No Conflict with Certain Other Indebtedness.  Subject to receipt of written consent of the agent and lenders under the Matrix Senior Indebtedness prior to Closing, the transactions contemplated hereby, including, but not limited to, the assignment and exchange of the Matrix Preferred Interests, the issuance and delivery of shares of Series B Preferred Stock each Holder in exchange for such Matrix Preferred Interests, and the consummation of the other transactions contemplated hereby, do not constitute an “Event of Default” under the Credit Documents, the Matrix Senior Indebtedness or any other document or instrument evidencing such Indebtedness of the Partners or the Holders.

Section 4.06          Consent to Amendments to Other Indebtedness.  Each Holder has consented, and by execution of this Agreement does hereby consent to all amendments to the Matrix Senior Indebtedness and any other Indebtedness of the Partnership which are reasonably necessary or advisable to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

Section 4.07          Investment Representations.  Each Holder:

(a)          is familiar with transactions of the kind and scope reflected in this Agreement;

(b)          has made its own independent investigation and appraisal of the financial condition and affairs of Royale, the Parent and its Subsidiaries and has conducted its own evaluation of the Series B Preferred Stock and the Parent’s creditworthiness and will continue to do so; and

(c)          is exchanging the Matrix Preferred Interests for the Series B Preferred Stock for its own account for investment purposes and not with a view to the distribution thereof in violation of applicable securities laws.

Section 4.08          Foreign Holders.  If any Holder is not a United States person (as defined by Section 7701(a)(30) of the IRC ), such Holder hereby represents that it has satisfied itself as to the full observance of the laws of its jurisdiction in connection with any invitation to exchange its Matrix Preferred Interests for shares of Series B Preferred Stock under Agreement, including:  (i) the legal requirements within its jurisdiction for the purchase of such shares, (ii) any foreign exchange restrictions applicable to such purchase, (iii) any governmental or other consents that may need to be obtained, and (iv) the income tax and other tax consequences, if any, that may be relevant to the purchase, holding, redemption, sale, or transfer of the Matrix Preferred Interests or the Series B Preferred Stock.  Each Holder’s execution of this Agreement, exchange of Matrix Preferred Interests for Series B Preferred Stock and continued beneficial ownership of the shares of Series B Preferred Stock, will not violate any applicable securities or other laws of such Holder’s jurisdiction.

Section 4.09          Restrictions on Control Securities.  Each Holder understands that, although the shares of Series B Preferred Stock to be issued and delivered to Holder in connection with the Preferred Exchange (and the shares of Parent Common Stock into which such Series B Preferred Stock is convertible) will be registered with the SEC under the Securities Act pursuant to the Registration Statement which contains the Proxy Statement/Prospectus, all such securities held by any director, executive officer or Affiliate of the Parent will be presumptively characterized as securities held by “controlling persons” of the Parent under the Securities Act, and as such may be subject to restrictions on resale under the Securities Act and applicable regulations thereunder.  Each Holder acknowledges that such shares (if held by a controlling person of the Parent) must be held indefinitely unless resale thereof is subsequently registered under the Securities Act or unless an exemption from such registration is available.  In this connection, such Holder represents that it is familiar with Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act as presently in effect, and it understands the resale limitations imposed thereby on a director, executive officer or Affiliate of the Parent by the Securities Act and related regulations.  Such Holder understands that the Parent is under no obligation to register any resale of the securities sold hereunder.  Such Holder understands that no public market now exists for any of the Series B Preferred Stock and that a public market may never exist for such securities.

Section 4.10          Legal Proceedings.  There are no Actions pending or, to the Holder’s knowledge, threatened by or against such Holder that challenges or seeks to prevent, enjoin or otherwise delay the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.  No event has occurred or circumstances exist that may give rise to, or serve as a basis for, any such Action.

Section 4.11          No Other Representations or Warranties  Except for the representations and warranties of the Holders contained in this ARTICLE IV and in the Letter of Transmittal submitted by each Holder in connection with the Preferred Exchange, the Holders make no representation or warranty, express or implied, on behalf of or concerning Matrix, Matrix Operator or any Matrix LP or any of their affiliates in connection with this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby.

Section 5.01          Organization and Qualification of the Royale Parties.  Each Royale Party is a corporation duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the Laws of its respective state of organization and has the requisite corporate power and authority to own, operate or lease the properties and assets now owned, operated or leased by it and to carry on its business as it has been and is currently conducted. Section 5.01 of the Disclosure Schedules sets forth each jurisdiction in which each Royale Party is licensed or qualified to do business, and each Royale Party is duly licensed or qualified to do business and is in good standing in each jurisdiction in which the properties owned or leased by it or the operation of its business as currently conducted makes such licensing or qualification necessary, except where the failure to be so licensed, qualified or in good standing would not individually or in the aggregate, have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.02          Authority; Board Approval.

(a)          Each Royale Party has the requisite corporate power and authority to enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement, the Merger Agreement and the Ancillary Documents to which it is a party and, subject to, in the case of the consummation of the Mergers, adoption of the Merger Agreement by the affirmative vote or consent of holders of (i) two-thirds of the outstanding Shares of Royale Common Stock, (ii) two-thirds of the outstanding shares of common stock of each of Royale Merger Sub and Matrix Merger Sub, and (iii) a majority of the outstanding shares of common stock of Parent (“Requisite Royale Vote”), to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby. The execution, delivery and performance by the Royale Parties of this Agreement, the Merger Agreement and any Ancillary Document to which they are a party and the consummation by the Royale Parties of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby have been duly authorized by all requisite corporate action on the part of each Royale Party and no other corporate proceedings on the part of the Royale Parties are necessary to authorize the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement or to consummate the Preferred Exchange, the Mergers and the other transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, subject only, in the case of consummation of the Mergers, to the receipt of the Requisite Royale Vote. The Requisite Royale Vote is the only vote or consent of the holders of any class or series of Royale’s capital stock required to approve and adopt this Agreement, the Mergers and the Ancillary Documents, and to approve and consummate the Preferred Exchange, the Mergers and the other transactions contemplated hereby. This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the Royale Parties, and (assuming due authorization, execution and delivery by each other party hereto) this Agreement constitutes a legal, valid and binding obligation of the Royale Parties enforceable against each Royale Party in accordance with its terms, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and similar Laws affecting creditors’ rights and remedies generally, and subject, as to enforceability, to general principles of equity, including principles of commercial reasonableness, good faith and fair dealing (regardless of whether enforcement is sought in a proceeding at Law or in equity).

(b)          The respective boards of directors of each Royale Party, by resolutions duly adopted by unanimous vote at a meeting of all directors of each of such corporations duly called and held and not subsequently rescinded or modified in any way, has, as of the date hereof each such corporation has (i) determined that the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, including the Preferred Exchange and the Mergers, are advisable and in the best interests of the respective stockholders, (ii) approved and adopted the Mergers, subject to the terms hereof, the Section 351 Plan, (iii) directed that the “agreement of merger” contained in the Merger Agreement be submitted to its respective stockholders for adoption, and (iv) resolved to recommend that its respective stockholders adopt the “agreement of merger” set forth in the Merger Agreement and directed that such matter be submitted for consideration of the Stockholders.  In addition, the respective boards of directors of each of Royale and Parent have, by resolutions duly adopted by unanimous vote at a meeting of all directors of each of such corporations duly called and held and not subsequently rescinded or modified in any way, (w) determined that this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby, including the Preferred Exchange, are advisable and in the best interests of its respective stockholders, (x) approved and adopted this Agreement, subject to the terms hereof, and the Section 351 Plan, (y) approved and declared advisable the “Agreement and Plan of Exchange” contained in this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including the Preferred Exchange, in accordance with the CCC, and (z) directed that the “Agreement and Plan of Exchange” contained in this Agreement be submitted to its respective stockholders for consideration and approval with the recommendation of the respective board of directors that such stockholders adopt and approve the “Agreement and Plan of Exchange” set forth in this Agreement.

Section 5.03          No Conflicts; Consents.  The execution, delivery and performance by the Royale Parties of this Agreement and the Ancillary Documents to which each is a party, and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, do not and will not: (a) conflict with or result in a violation or breach of, or default under, any provision of the Royale Charter Documents; (b) conflict with or result in a violation or breach of any provision of any Law or Governmental Order applicable to any Royale Party; or (c) except as set forth in Section 5.03 of the Disclosure Schedules, require the consent, notice or other action by any Person under any Contract to which any Royale Party is a party, other than, in the case of clauses (b) and (c) of this Section 5.03, such conflicts, violations, breaches, consents, notices or other actions that would not have and would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect. No consent, approval, Permit, Governmental Order, declaration or filing with, or notice to, any Governmental Authority is required by or with respect to each Royale Party in connection with the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the Ancillary Documents and the

Section 5.04          Capitalization.

(a)          The authorized Parent Shares consist of 280,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, of which no Parent Shares are issued and outstanding as of the close of business on the date of this Agreement.

(b)          The authorized capital stock of Royale consists of (i) 30,000,000 shares of Royale Common Stock, of which 21,850,185 shares are issued and outstanding as of February 15, 2018, and (ii) 10,000,000 shares of Royale Preferred Stock, of which no shares are issued and outstanding as of the close of business on the date of this Agreement.

(c)          The authorized capital stock of Royale Merger Sub consists of 1,000,000 shares of common stock, no par value (the “Royale Merger Sub Shares”), of which no Royale Merger Sub Shares are issued and outstanding as of the close of business on the date of this Agreement.

(d)          The authorized capital stock of Matrix Merger Sub consists of 1,000,000 shares of common stock, no par value (the “Matrix Merger Sub Shares”), of which no Matrix Merger Sub Shares are issued and outstanding as of the close of business on the date of this Agreement.

(e)          Section 5.04(e) of the Disclosure Schedules set forth, as of the date hereof, the name of each Person that is the registered owner of any Parent Shares, Royale Preferred Stock, Royale Merger Sub Shares, or Matrix Merger Sub Shares and the number of such shares owned by such Person.

(f)          Except as set forth in Section 5.04(f) of the Disclosure Schedules, the Royale Parties have not issued any capital stock since its most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act.

(g)          Except as set forth in Section 5.04(g) of the Disclosure Schedules, (i) no subscription, warrant, option, convertible or exchangeable security, or other right (contingent or otherwise) to purchase or otherwise acquire equity securities of any Royale Party is authorized or outstanding, and (ii) there is no commitment by any Royale Party to issue shares, subscriptions, warrants, options, convertible or exchangeable securities, or other such rights or to distribute to holders of any of its equity securities any evidence of indebtedness or asset, to repurchase or redeem any securities of the Royale Parties or to grant, extend, accelerate the vesting of, change the price of, or otherwise amend any warrant, option, convertible or exchangeable security or other such right. There are no declared or accrued unpaid dividends with respect to any shares of Royale Common Stock.

(h)          All issued and outstanding shares of Royale Common Stock, Royale Preferred Stock, Parent Shares, Royale Merger Sub Shares and Matrix Merger Sub Shares are (i) duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable; (ii) not subject to any preemptive rights

(i)          No outstanding Royale Common Stock, Royale Preferred Stock, Parent Shares, Royale Merger Sub Shares or Matrix Merger Sub Shares are subject to vesting or forfeiture rights or repurchase by the Royale Parties. There are no outstanding or authorized stock appreciation, dividend equivalent, phantom stock, profit participation or other similar rights with respect to the Royale Parties or any of their securities.

(j)          All distributions, dividends, repurchases and redemptions of the capital stock (or other equity interests) of the Royale Parties were undertaken in compliance with the Royale Charter Documents then in effect, any agreement to which each Royale Party then was a party and in compliance with applicable Law.

Section 5.05          No Prior Operations; No Subsidiaries.  Each of Parent, Matrix Merger Sub and Royale Merger Sub was formed solely for the purpose of effecting the Merger and has not engaged in any business activities or conducted any operations other than in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby.  Other than Parent, Royale Merger Sub and Matrix Merger Sub, the Royale Parties have no Subsidiaries.

Section 5.06          SEC Reports; Financial Statements.  Except as set forth in Section 5.06 of the Disclosure Schedules, Royale has filed all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be filed by Royale under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) thereof, for the two years preceding the date hereof (the foregoing materials, including the exhibits thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein, being collectively referred to herein as the “SEC Reports”) on a timely basis or has received a valid extension of such time of filing and has filed any such SEC Reports prior to the expiration of any such extension.  As of their respective dates, the SEC Reports complied in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable, and none of the SEC Reports, when filed, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.  Royale has never been an issuer subject to Rule 144(i) under the Securities Act. The financial statements of Royale included in the SEC Reports (the “Royale Financial Statements”) comply in all material respects with applicable accounting requirements and the rules and regulations of the Commission with respect thereto as in effect at the time of filing.  Such financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles applied on a consistent basis during the periods involved (“GAAP”), except as may be otherwise specified in such financial statements or the notes thereto and except that unaudited financial statements may not contain all footnotes required by GAAP, and fairly present in all material respects the financial position of Matrix as of and for the

Section 5.07          Undisclosed Liabilities.  The Royale Parties have no liabilities, obligations or commitments of any nature whatsoever, asserted or unasserted, known or unknown, absolute or contingent, accrued or unaccrued, matured or unmatured or otherwise (“Liabilities”), except Liabilities, except (a) those which are accrued, adequately reflected or reserved against in the Royale Financial Statements, (b) those which have been incurred in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice since the September 30, 2016, (c) those which would not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect, (d) those which have been discharged or paid in full prior to the date hereof in the ordinary course of business, or (e) those which are of a nature not required to be reflected on a balance sheet prepared in accordance with GAAP consistently applied.

Section 5.08          Absence of Certain Changes, Events and Conditions.  Since December 31, 2015, except in connection with the execution and delivery of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, the business of the Royale Parties has been conducted in the ordinary course of business and there has not been or occurred:

(a)          any Royale Material Adverse Effect or any event, condition, change or effect that could reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Royale Material Adverse Effect; or

(b)          except as disclosed on Section 5.08 of the Disclosure Schedules, any event, condition, action or effect that, if taken during the period from the date of this Agreement through the Closing Date, would constitute a breach of Section 6.01.

Section 5.09          Royale Material Contracts.  Section 5.09 of the Disclosure Schedules sets forth a list of all Material Contracts to which each Royale Party is party as of the date hereof, including the name of the parties thereto, the date of each such Material Contract and each amendment thereto.  All Material Contracts of each Royale Party are valid, enforceable and in full force and effect, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and similar Laws affecting creditors’ rights and remedies generally, and subject, as to enforceability, to general principles of equity, including principles of commercial reasonableness, good faith and fair dealing (regardless of whether enforcement is sought in a proceeding at Law or in equity).  Other than as described in Section 5.09 of the Disclosure Schedules, the Royale Parties are not, and have no Knowledge that any other party thereto is,  in material default under any such Material Contract, no material payments or other obligations are past due except for amounts being contested in good faith, and no circumstance exists that, with notice, the passage of time or both, would constitute a default under any Material Contract of each Royale Party by any Royale Party or, to the Knowledge of each Royale Party, by any other party thereto.  The Royale Parties have not received any written notice of a default, alleged failure to perform or any offset or counterclaim with respect to any Material Contract of each Royale Party that has not been fully remedied and withdrawn.

Section 5.10          Properties and Assets.

(a)          Except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect, the Royale Parties and their subsidiaries own and have either good and valid title in fee or a valid leasehold interest, Right of Way or other rights to the land, mineral and other subsurface rights, buildings, structures and other improvements thereon and fixtures thereto necessary to permit it to conduct its business as currently conducted, in each case free and clear of all liens (except in all cases for Permitted Liens).  Except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Effect, all leases, Rights of Way or other agreements under which any Royale Party or any of their Subsidiaries lease, access or use any real property are valid, binding and are in force and effect against the Royale Parties or any of their Subsidiaries and, to the Knowledge of each Royale Party, the counterparties thereto, in accordance with their respective terms, and neither the Royale Parties nor any of their Subsidiaries are in default under any such leases, Rights of Way or other agreements.

(b)          Each Royale Party and its Subsidiaries has such consents, easements, rights of way, permits and licenses (collectively, “Rights of Way”) from each person as are sufficient to conduct its business as currently conducted, except for such Rights of Way the absence of which have not had and would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.  Each Royale Party and its Subsidiaries has fulfilled and performed all its material obligations with respect to such Rights of Way and conducts their business in a manner that does not violate any of the Rights of Way, and no event has occurred that allows, or after notice or lapse of time would allow, revocation or termination thereof or would result in any impairment of the rights of the holder of any such Rights of Way, except for such revocations, terminations and impairments that have not had and would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.  All pipelines owned or operated by the Royale Parties and their Subsidiaries are subject to Rights of Way, there are no encroachments or other encumbrances on the Rights of Way that materially affect the use thereof and there are no gaps (including any gap arising as a result of any breach by a Royale Party or any of their Subsidiaries of the terms of any Rights of Way) in the Rights of way other than gaps that would not have and would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.

(c)          Except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect, the Royale Parties and their Subsidiaries, as applicable, have defensible title to all of the Royale Interests forming the basis for the reserves reflected in the Royale Financial Statements except for such Royale Interests sold, used, farmed out or otherwise disposed of since December 31, 2015, in the ordinary course of business, free and clear of all liens and Production Burdens other than Production Burdens not yet earned, due or payable and Permitted Liens (other than Production Burdens).  Except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect or as set forth on Section 5.10(c) of the Disclosure Schedules, (i) none of the proceeds from the sale of Hydrocarbons produced from the Royale Interests in any producing well are being held in suspense for any reason, and (ii) there are no calls on production or preferential rights to purchase Hydrocarbons and the Royale Parties nor any of their Subsidiaries are not obligated to deliver Hydrocarbons or proceeds from the sale thereof at a future point in time without receiving payment therefor at or after the time of delivery (other than gas balancing arrangements), except for the rights of any lessor to take free gas under the terms of any applicable lease for its use on the lands covered by such lease.  Except as would not reasonably

(d)          All of the wells owned, leased, operated or used by the Royale Parties and their Subsidiaries and all water, carbon dioxide or injection wells located on any property owned, leased, operated or used by the Royale Parties and their Subsidiaries or otherwise associated with the Royale Interests have been drilled, completed and operated within the limits permitted by the applicable Contract granting such rights and applicable Law, and all drilling and completion (and plugging and abandonment) of such wells and all related development, production and other operations have been conducted in compliance with all applicable Laws except, in each case, as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.  No well owned, leased, operated or used by any Royale Party or any of their Subsidiaries are subject to material penalties on allowables because of overproduction or violation of any applicable Law.

(e)          All Royale Interests operated by the Royale Parties and their Subsidiaries have been operated in accordance with reasonable, prudent field practices and in compliance with the applicable Contracts, except where the failure to so operate would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.  None of the Interests of the Royale Parties or their Subsidiaries is subject to any preferential purchase, consent or similar right that would become operative as a result of the Transactions, except for any such preferential purchase, consent or similar rights that would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.  Except as set forth on Section 5.10(e) of Disclosure Schedules, none of the Royale Interests are subject to any Tax partnership agreement or provisions requiring a partnership income Tax Return.

(f)          There are no material inaccuracies in the report of Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc. as of December 31, 2015, and dated February 1, 2016.

(g)          Except as set forth on Section 5.10(g) of the Disclosure Schedules, no Royale Party is engaged in any oil, natural gas or other futures or option trading in respect of which it has any material future liability, nor is any Royale Party a party to any price swaps, hedges, futures or similar instruments.  Section 5.10(g) of the Disclosure Schedules sets forth obligations of each Royale Party for the delivery of Hydrocarbons attributable to any of the Royale Interests in the future on account of prepayment, advance payment, take-or-pay or similar obligations without then or thereafter being entitled to receive full value therefor.  Except as set forth on Section 5.10(g) of the Disclosure Schedules, as of the date hereof, no Royale Party is bound by futures, hedge, swap, collar, put, call, floor, cap, option or other Contracts that are intended to benefit from, relate to or reduce or eliminate the risk of fluctuations in the price of commodities, including Hydrocarbons, or securities.

(h)          Except as provided in Section 5.10(h) of the Disclosure Schedules, there are no mandatory drilling or completion obligations and there are no pending or, to the Knowledge of

(i)          Except as set forth on Section 5.10(i) of the Disclosure Schedules, none of the Contracts in respect of gathering, processing, storage or transportation of the production of Hydrocarbons from the Royale Interests contain any minimum volume or throughput provisions or require the Royale Parties or any of their Subsidiaries to pay for services regardless of whether the Royale Parties or any of their Subsidiaries deliver such production for use of the services provided for under any such Contract.

(j)          Except as set forth in Section 5.10(j) of the Disclosure Schedules, none of the Contracts relating to the Royale Interests (including all oil, gas and mineral leases and similar Contracts) contain any provision (i) requiring the lessee to pay royalties on hedges, (ii) causing the oil, gas or mineral lease or contract to terminate without advance notice and the opportunity to cure resulting in a loss, in whole or in part, of any of the Royale Interests for lessee’s failure to pay royalties or for lessee’s breach of any covenant thereunder, (iii) requiring lessor’s consent to the consummation of the transactions of the type contemplated under this Agreement, or (iv) is expected to result in a mandatory payment or expenditure not otherwise disclosed in Section 5.10(j) of the Disclosure Schedules.

Section 5.11          Intellectual Property.

(a)          Section 5.11(a) of the Disclosure Schedules lists all (i) Royale IP Registrations. All required filings and fees related to Royale IP Registrations have been timely filed with and paid to the relevant Governmental Authorities and authorized registrars, and all Royale IP Registrations are otherwise in good standing, except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.

(b)          The consummation of the transactions contemplated hereunder will not result in the loss or impairment of or payment of any additional amounts with respect to, nor require the consent of any other Person in respect of, each Royale Party’s right to own, use or hold for use any material Intellectual Property as owned, used or held for use in the conduct of any Royale Party’s business or operations as currently conducted.

(c)          Each Royale Party’s rights in Royale Intellectual Property are valid, subsisting and enforceable, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and similar Laws affecting creditors’ rights and remedies generally, and subject, as to enforceability, to general principles of equity, including principles of commercial reasonableness, good faith and fair dealing (regardless of whether enforcement is sought in a proceeding at Law or in equity) and except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect. The Royale Parties have taken all commercially reasonable steps to maintain Royale Intellectual Property and to protect and preserve the confidentiality of all material trade secrets included in the Royale Intellectual Property, except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.

(d)          To the Knowledge of each Royale Party, the conduct of Royale’s business as currently and formerly conducted does not infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the Intellectual Property or other rights of any Person, except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect. To the Knowledge of each Royale Party, no Person is currently infringing, misappropriating, diluting or otherwise violating, any Royale Intellectual Property in a way as would be expect to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.

(e)          There are no Actions (including any oppositions, interferences or re-examinations) pending or, to the Knowledge of each Royale Party, threatened: (i) alleging any infringement, misappropriation, dilution or violation of the Intellectual Property of any Person by the Royale Parties; (ii) challenging the validity, enforceability, registrability or ownership of any Royale Intellectual Property or the Royale Parties’ rights with respect to any Royale Intellectual Property; or (iii) by the Royale Parties or any other Person alleging any infringement, misappropriation, dilution or violation by any Person of Royale Intellectual Property. The Royale Parties are not subject to any outstanding Governmental Order (including any motion or petition therefor) that does or would restrict or impair the use of any material Royale Intellectual Property.

Section 5.12          Insurance.  Section 5.12 of the Disclosure Schedules sets forth a true and complete list of all current policies or binders of fire, liability, product liability, umbrella liability, real and personal property, workers’ compensation, vehicular, directors’ and officers’ liability, fiduciary liability and other casualty and property insurance maintained by the Royale Parties and relating to the assets, business, operations, employees, officers and directors of each Royale Party (collectively, the “Royale Insurance Policies”) and true and complete copies of Royale Insurance Policies have been made available to Matrix. The Royale Insurance Policies are in full force and effect with respect to the period covered. The Royale Parties have not received any written notice of cancellation of or materially adverse alteration of coverage under, any of such Royale Insurance Policies. All premiums or installment payments of premiums due on such Royale Insurance Policies have either been paid or, if due and payable prior to Closing, will be paid prior to Closing in accordance with the payment terms of the Royale Insurance Policy. All such Royale Insurance Policies are valid and binding in accordance with their terms. Except as set forth on Section 5.12 of the Disclosure Schedules, there are no material claims related to the business of any Royale party pending under any Royale Insurance Policies as to which coverage has been questioned, denied or disputed or in respect of which there is an outstanding reservation of rights. The Royale Parties are not in material default under, and have not otherwise failed to comply with, in any material respect, any provision contained in any such Royale Insurance Policy.

Section 5.13          Legal Proceedings; Governmental Orders.

(a)          There are no Actions pending or, to each Royale Party’s Knowledge, threatened (a) against or by the Royale Parties affecting any of its properties or assets; or (b) against or by the Royale Parties that challenges or seeks to prevent, enjoin or otherwise delay the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. No event has occurred or circumstances exist that may give rise to, or serve as a basis for, any such Action.

(b)          Except as set forth in Section 5.13(b) of the Disclosure Schedules, there are no outstanding Governmental Orders and no unsatisfied judgments, penalties or awards against or affecting any Royale Party or any of their properties or assets. The Royale Parties are in compliance with the terms of each Governmental Order set forth in Section 5.13(b) of the Disclosure Schedules.  No event has occurred or circumstances exist that may constitute or result in (with or without notice or lapse of time) a violation of any such Governmental Order.

Section 5.14          Compliance With Laws; Permits.

(a)          Except as set forth in Section 5.14(b) of the Disclosure Schedules, the Royale Parties have complied, and are now complying, with all Laws applicable to it or its business, properties or assets, in each case, except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.

(b)          All material Permits required for the Royale Parties to conduct their business have been obtained by it and are valid and in full force and effect. The Royale Parties are in compliance, in all material respects, with the terms of such material Permits. No event has occurred that, with or without notice or lapse of time or both, would reasonably be expected to result in the revocation, suspension, lapse or limitation of any material Permit except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.15          Environmental Laws.  The Royale Parties and their Subsidiaries (i) are in compliance with all Environmental Laws, (ii) have received all permits, licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses and (iii) are in compliance with all terms and conditions of any such permit, license or approval where, in each of the foregoing clauses (i), (ii) and (iii), the failure to so comply could be reasonably expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Royale Material Adverse Effect.

Section 5.16          Employee Benefit Matters.

(a)          Section 5.16 of the Disclosure Schedules lists each Employee Benefit Plan that each Royale Party or any ERISA Affiliate maintains or to which each Royale Party or any ERISA Affiliate contributes or is a participating employer (collectively, the “Royale Benefit Plans”).  With respect to each Royale Benefit Plan, the Royale Parties have delivered to Royale true and complete copies of all plan documents and summary plan descriptions, the most recent determination letter (or opinion letter) received from the Internal Revenue Service, the most recent Form 5500 Annual Reports, and all related trust agreements associated with such Royale Benefit Plan.

(b)          Each Royale Benefit Plan (and each related trust, insurance contract or fund) has been administered and operated in material compliance with the terms of the applicable controlling documents and with the applicable provisions of ERISA, the IRC and all other Applicable Laws, except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.  Each Royale Benefit Plan (including any material amendments thereto) that is capable of approval by, or registration for or qualification for special tax status with, the appropriate taxation, social security or supervisory authorities in the relevant jurisdiction has received such

(c)          Except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect, all required reports, descriptions and disclosures have been filed or distributed appropriately and in accordance with applicable Law with respect to each Royale Benefit Plan.  The requirements of Part 6 of Subtitle B of Title I of ERISA and of Section 4980B of the IRC have been met with respect to each Royale Benefit Plan that is a group health plan.

(d)          All contributions (including all employer contributions and employee salary reduction contributions) that are due and owing have been paid to each Royale Benefit Plan (or related trust or held in the general assets of any Royale Party or one or more ERISA Affiliates or accrued, as appropriate), and all contributions for any period ending on or before the Closing Date that are not yet due have been paid to each Royale Benefit Plan or accrued in accordance with the past custom and practice of the Royale Parties and the ERISA Affiliates.  All premiums or other payments for all periods ending on or before the Closing Date have been paid with respect to each Royale Benefit Plan that is an Employee Welfare Benefit Plan.

(e)          Each Royale Benefit Plan that is an Employee Pension Benefit Plan and that is intended to meet the requirements of a “qualified plan” under Section 401(a) of the IRC meets such requirements and has either received or applied for (or has time remaining to apply for) a favorable determination letter (or, in the case of a prototype plan, an opinion letter) from the Internal Revenue Service within the applicable remedial amendment periods.

(f)          No Royale Benefit Plan, or Employee Benefit Plan maintained, sponsored or contributed to by any Royale Party or ERISA Affiliate in the six year period preceding the Closing Date is or has been subject to the minimum funding requirements of Section 412 of the IRC or subject to Title IV of ERISA.

(g)          None of the Royale Benefit Plans promises or provides retiree medical, health or life insurance or other welfare type benefits for current or future retired or terminated employees, their spouses or their dependents (other than in accordance with Section 4980B of the IRC) that cannot be unilaterally terminated by a Royale Party or an ERISA Affiliate.

(h)          Each Royale Benefit Plan has been administered in accordance with its terms, except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.  No Royale Party nor any ERISA Affiliate has entered into any agreement, arrangement or understanding, whether written or oral, with any trade union, works council or other employee representative body or any number or category of its employees that would prevent, restrict or impede the implementation of any layoff, redundancy, severance or similar program within its or their respective workforces (or any part of them).

(i)          There are no unresolved claims or disputes under the terms of, or in connection with, any Royale Benefit Plan (other than routine undisputed claims for benefits), and no action, legal or otherwise, has been commenced with respect to any such claim or dispute, except, in each case, as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.

(j)          With respect to each Royale Benefit Plan that Royale or any ERISA Affiliate maintains or to which any of them contributes:

(i) To the Knowledge of each Royale Party, there have been no “prohibited transaction,” as such term is defined in Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the IRC, with respect to any such Royale Benefit Plan that would subject any Royale Party or ERISA Affiliate to a tax or penalty imposed pursuant to Section 4975 of the IRC or Section 502(c), (i) or (l) of ERISA.

(ii) No Royale Party nor, to the Knowledge of any Royale Party, any ERISA Affiliate (by way of indemnification, directly or otherwise) has any liability or penalty under Sections 4976 through 4980 of the IRC or Title I of ERISA with respect to any Royale Benefit Plan.

(iii) No action, suit, proceeding, hearing or investigation with respect to the administration or the investment of the assets of any Royale Benefit Plan (other than routine claims for benefits) is pending or, to the Knowledge of any Royale Party, threatened, and to the Knowledge of any Royale Party, there is no basis for any such action, suit, proceeding, hearing or investigation, except, in each case, as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect.

(k)          Neither the execution and delivery of this Agreement or any Ancillary Document to which the Royale Parties are a party, nor the Merger, the Preferred Exchange or any Other Exchange will (i) result in any payment (including severance, unemployment compensation, golden parachute, bonus or otherwise) becoming due to any officer, director or employee of any Royale Party; (ii) materially increase any benefits otherwise payable by the Royale Parties; or (iii) result in the acceleration of the time of payment or vesting of any such benefits.

(l)          No Royale Benefit Plan is funded with or allows for payments or distributions in any employer security of the Royale Parties, including, but not limited to, employer securities as defined in Section 407(d)(1) of ERISA, or employer real property as defined in Section 407(d)(2) or ERISA;

(m)          For purposes of this Agreement, the following terms will have the respective meanings indicated below:

(i) “Employee Benefit Plan” means, with respect to any Person, the following, whether written or oral:  (A) any nonqualified deferred compensation or retirement plan or arrangement that is an Employee Pension Benefit Plan, (B) any qualified defined contribution retirement plan or arrangement that is an Employee Pension Benefit Plan, (C) any qualified defined benefit retirement plan or arrangement that is an Employee Pension Benefit Plan, (D) any Employee Welfare Benefit Plan or fringe benefit plan or program, or (E) any profit sharing, bonus, stock option, stock purchase, severance or incentive plan, agreement or arrangement that is sponsored, maintained or contributed to by such Person or any ERISA Affiliate of such Person for the benefit of the employees, former employees, independent contractors or agents of

Section 5.17          Employment Matters.

(a)          Section 5.17(a) of the Disclosure Schedules contains a list of all persons who are employees of the Royale Parties as of the date hereof, including any employee who is on a leave of absence of any nature, paid or unpaid, authorized or unauthorized, and sets forth for each such individual the following: (i) name; (ii) title or position (including whether full or part time); (iii) hire date; (iv) current annual base compensation rate; (v) commission, bonus or other incentive-based compensation; and (vi) a description of the fringe benefits provided to each such individual as of the date hereof.

(b)          Except as set forth in Section 5.17(b) of the Disclosure Schedules, the Royale Parties are not, and have not been for the past three (3) years, a party to, bound by, or negotiating any collective bargaining agreement or other Contract with a  union, works council or labor organization (collectively, “Union”), and there is not, and has not been for the past three (3) years, any Union representing or purporting to represent any employee of the Royale Parties, and, to each Royale Party’s Knowledge, no Union or group of employees is seeking to organize employees for the purpose of collective bargaining. Except as set forth in Section 5.17(b) of the Disclosure Schedules, to the Knowledge of each Royale Party, there has been no threat of  any strike, slowdown, work stoppage, lockout, concerted refusal to work overtime or other similar labor disruption or dispute affecting the Royale Parties or any of their employees.

(c)          Except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect, the Royale Parties are in compliance with all applicable Laws pertaining to employment and employment practices to the extent they relate to employees of the Royale Parties, including all Laws relating to labor relations, equal employment opportunities, fair employment practices, employment discrimination, harassment, retaliation, reasonable accommodation, disability rights or benefits, immigration, wages, hours, overtime compensation, child labor, hiring, promotion and termination of employees, working conditions, meal and break periods, privacy, health and safety, workers’ compensation, leaves of absence and unemployment insurance. All individuals characterized and treated by the Royale Parties as independent contractors or consultants are properly treated as independent contractors under all applicable Laws, except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect. All employees of the Royale Parties classified as exempt under the Fair Labor Standards Act and state and local wage and hour laws are properly classified, except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Royale Material Adverse Effect. Except as set forth in Section 5.17(c) of the Disclosure Schedules, there are no Actions against any Royale Party pending, or to each Royale Party’s Knowledge, threatened to be brought or filed, by or with any Governmental Authority or arbitrator in connection with the employment of any current or former applicant, employee, consultant or

Section 5.18          Taxes.  Except as set forth in Section 5.18 of the Disclosure Schedules:

(a)          All Tax Returns required to be filed on or before the Closing Date by the Royale Parties have been, or will be, timely filed. All Taxes due and owing by the Royale Parties (whether or not shown on any Tax Return) have been, or will be, timely paid.

(b)          The Royale Parties have withheld and paid each Tax required to have been withheld and paid in connection with amounts paid or owing to any employee, independent contractor, creditor, customer, shareholder or other party, and complied with all information reporting and backup withholding provisions of applicable Law.

(c)          No claim has been made by any taxing authority in any jurisdiction where Royale or any of its Subsidiaries do not file Tax Returns that it is, or may be, subject to Tax by that jurisdiction.

(d)          No extensions or waivers of statutes of limitations have been given or requested with respect to any Taxes of Royale or any of its Subsidiaries.

(e)          The amount of the Royale’s Liability for unpaid Taxes for all periods ending on or before December 31, 2015, does not, in the aggregate, exceed the amount of accruals for Taxes (excluding any accrual for Taxes with respect to timing differences between financial accounting income and taxable income) reflected on the Royale Financial Statements. The amount of the Royale’s Liability for unpaid Taxes for all periods following the end of the recent period covered by the Royale Financial Statements shall not, in the aggregate, exceed the amount of accruals for Taxes (excluding any accrual for Taxes with respect to timing differences between financial accounting income and taxable income) as adjusted for the passage of time in accordance with the past custom and practice of Royale (and which accruals shall not exceed comparable amounts incurred in similar periods in prior years).

(f)          Section 5.18(f) of the Royale Disclosure Schedules sets forth:

(i) the taxable years of  Royale as to which the applicable statutes of limitations on the assessment and collection of Taxes have not expired;

(ii) those years for which examinations by the taxing authorities have been completed; and

(iii) those taxable years for which examinations by taxing authorities are presently being conducted.

(g)          All deficiencies asserted, or assessments made, in writing against the Royale Parties as a result of any examinations by any taxing authority have been fully paid or otherwise finally resolved.

(h)          The Royale Parties are not a party to any Action by any taxing authority. There are no pending or threatened Actions by any taxing authority.

(i)          The Royale Parties have delivered to Matrix copies of all federal, state, local and foreign income, franchise and similar Tax Returns, examination reports, and statements of deficiencies assessed against, or agreed to by, Royale or any of its Subsidiaries for all Tax periods ending after January 1, 2014.

(j)          There are no Encumbrances for Taxes (other than for current Taxes not yet due and payable) upon the assets of the Royale Parties.

(k)          The Royale Parties are not a party to, or bound by, any Tax indemnity, Tax sharing or Tax allocation agreement (other than any agreement entered into in the ordinary course of business with incidental tax provisions, such as loan agreements, leases, and hedging contracts).

(l)          No private letter rulings, technical advice memoranda or similar agreement or rulings have been requested, entered into or issued by any taxing authority with respect to the Royale Parties.

(m)          Royale has not been a member of an affiliated, combined, consolidated or unitary Tax group for Tax purposes. Royale has no Liability for Taxes of any Person (other than the Royale Parties) under Treasury Regulations Section 1.1502-6 (or any corresponding provision of state, local or foreign Law), as transferee or successor, by contract or otherwise (other than pursuant to any agreement entered into in the ordinary course of business with incidental tax provisions, such as loan agreements, leases, and hedging contracts).

(n)          The Royale Parties will not be required to include any item of income in, or exclude any item or deduction from, taxable income for taxable period or portion thereof ending after the Closing Date as a result of:

(i) any change in a method of accounting under Section 481 of the IRC (or any comparable provision of state, local or foreign Tax Laws), or use of an improper method of accounting, for a taxable period ending on or prior to the Closing Date;

(ii) an installment sale or open transaction occurring on or prior to the Closing Date;

(iii) a prepaid amount received on or before the Closing Date;

(iv) any closing agreement under Section 7121 of the IRC, or similar provision of state, local or foreign Law; or

(v) any election under Section 108(i) of the IRC.

(o)          Royale has not been a “distributing corporation” or a “controlled corporation” in connection with a distribution described in Section 355 of the IRC.

(p)          Each Royale Party is not, and has not been, a party to, or a promoter of, a “reportable transaction” within the meaning of Section 6707A(c)(1) of the IRC and Treasury Regulations Section 1.6011-4(b).

(q)          Within the last three (3) years, Royale has not owned any material assets located outside the United State or conducted a material trade or business outside the United States.

(r)          Each Royale Party is not an investment company as defined in Section 351(e)(1) of the IRC.

(s)          Each Royale Party is not under the jurisdiction of a court in a title 11 or similar case within the meaning of Sections 351(e)(2) and 368(a)(3)(A) of the IRC.

Section 5.19          Books and Records.  The minute books and stock record books of the Royale Parties, all of which have been made available to Matrix, are complete and correct and have been maintained in accordance with sound business practices. The minute books of the Royale Parties contain accurate and complete records of all meetings, and actions taken by written consent of, the Royale Stockholders, the Royale Board and any committees of the Royale Board, and no meeting, or action taken by written consent, of any such Royale Stockholders, Royale Board or committee has been held for which minutes have not been prepared and are not contained in such minute books. At the Closing, all of those books and records will be in the possession of the Royale Parties.

Section 5.20          Related Party Transactions.  Section 5.20 of the Disclosure Schedules lists all Contracts between the Royale Parties and any executive officer or director of the Royale Parties or any person owning 5% or more of the Royale Common Stock or the Royale Preferred Stock (or any of such person’s immediate family members or Affiliates of such person) or by which any executive officer or director of a Royale Party or any person owning 5% or more of the Royale Common Stock or the Royale Preferred Stock (or any of such person’s immediate family members or Affiliates) has any interest in any property owned by the Royale Parties.

Section 5.21          Brokers.  Except for any fee which may become due to Northland Capital Markets on completion of the Merger, no broker, finder or investment banker is entitled to any brokerage, finder’s or other fee or commission in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any Ancillary Document based upon arrangements made by or on behalf of the Royale Parties.

Section 5.22          Legal Proceedings.  There are no Actions pending or, to the Royale Parties’ Knowledge, threatened against or by any Royale Party or any of their respective Affiliates that challenge or seek to prevent, enjoin or otherwise delay the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. To the Knowledge of each Royale Party, no event has occurred or circumstances exist that may give rise or serve as a basis for any such Action.

Section 5.23          Registration Statement.  None of the information included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement to be filed pursuant to Section 6.02, its letter to the stockholders, notice of meeting, proxy statement and forms of proxy, to be filed with the SEC in connection with the Merger, will, at the date it is first mailed to Royale’s stockholders or at the time of Royale Stockholders Meeting or at the time of any amendment or

Section 5.24          Opinion of Financial Advisor.  Royale has received the opinion of Northland Capital Markets, dated as of the date of this Agreement, to the effect that, as of such date, and subject to the various assumptions and qualifications set forth therein, the terms of the Mergers are fair from a financial point of view to Royale and its shareholders, and such opinion has not been rescinded or revoked.

Section 5.25          No Other Representations or Warranties.  Except for the representations and warranties contained in this ARTICLE V (giving effect to the Royale Disclosure Schedules), neither Royale nor Parent makes any representation or warranty, express or implied on behalf of any Royale Party or any of its affiliates in connection with this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby.

Section 6.01          Conduct of Business Prior to the Closing.  From the date hereof until the Closing, except as otherwise provided in this Agreement or consented to in writing by the parties (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed), each of Parent, Royale and their respective Subsidiaries, shall (x) conduct their respective businesses in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice; and (y) use reasonable best efforts to maintain and preserve intact the current organization, business and franchise of each of their respective business organizations and to preserve the rights, franchises, goodwill and relationships of the respective employees, customers, lenders, suppliers, regulators and others having business relationships with such business organizations. Without limiting the foregoing, from the date hereof until the Closing Date, each of Parent, Royale and their respective Subsidiaries, shall:

(a)          preserve and maintain all of its Permits;

(b)          pay its debts, Taxes and other obligations when due;

(c)          maintain the properties and assets owned, operated or used by it in the same condition as they were on the date of this Agreement, subject to reasonable wear and tear;

(d)          not (i) amend or propose to amend the Royale Charter Documents, (ii)  split, combine, subdivide or reclassify any their outstanding capital stock, partnership interest or any other securities, (iii) declare, set aside or pay any dividend or distribution payable in cash, stock, property or otherwise, or make any other distribution in respect of any securities, except for

(e)          not, nor shall it permit any of its Subsidiaries to (i) redeem, purchase, acquire or offer to purchase or acquire any of its or their capital stock, partnership interest or any other securities or any options, warrants or rights to acquire any of its or their securities or any security convertible into or exchangeable for its or their securities, (ii) make any acquisition of any capital stock, assets or businesses of any other Person other than expenditures for current assets in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice and expenditures for fixed or capital assets in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice, (iii) sell, pledge, dispose of or encumber any assets or businesses that are material to the Royale or the Parent, as applicable, or their respective Subsidiaries, except, with respect to each of the foregoing, (A) sales, leases, rentals and licenses in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice, (B) pursuant to Contracts that are in force at the date of this Agreement and are disclosed in the Disclosure Schedules, (C) dispositions of obsolete or worthless assets, (D) the transfer of the partnership interests of Matrix Royalty prior to the Closing to exclude Matrix Royalty from the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement and the Exchanges, including the removal of Matrix Royalty as a borrower under the Matrix Senior Indebtedness, and (E) the transfer of legal title to direct working interests in oil and gas or mineral properties held by Royale for the benefit of third parties to Royale’s wholly owned Subsidiary, Royale DWI Interests, LLC, or (iv) enter into any Contract with respect to any of the foregoing items (i) through (iii);

(f)          not, nor shall it permit any of its Subsidiaries to (i) issue, sell, pledge, grant or dispose of, or agree to issue, sell, pledge, grant or dispose of, any equity awards under any Royale Benefit Plans, incentive plans, or any additional capital stock, partnership interest or any other securities (except, with respect to Royale, shares issuable to officers and directors as compensation for services pursuant to the agreements described in the registration statement on Form S-8 filed with the SEC by Royale on April 16, 2016), or any options, warrants or rights of any kind to acquire any securities, or of any debt or equity securities convertible into or exchangeable for its capital stock, partnership interest or any other securities, or (ii) incur or assume any indebtedness for borrowed money or guarantee any indebtedness or issue or sell any debt securities or options, warrants, calls or other rights to acquire any debt securities of Royale, respectively, or any of its applicable Subsidiaries; except Royale may from time to time, borrow, repay and reborrow under its revolving credit facility, and pledge their properties, issue debt securities and amend, modify, increase, extend, replace or refinance such bank credit facility;

(g)          not pay, discharge or satisfy any material claims, material liabilities or material obligations (absolute, accrued, asserted or unasserted, contingent or otherwise), other than the payment, discharge or satisfaction (i) of any such material claims, material liabilities or material obligations in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice or (ii) of material claims, material liabilities or material obligations reflected or reserved against in, or contemplated by, the Royale Financial Statements (or the notes thereto);

(h)          not enter into, amend, modify or renew any employment, consulting, severance or similar contract with, pay any bonus or grant any material increase in salary, wage or other compensation or any increase in any employee benefit to, any of its directors, officers or employees, except in each such case (i) as may be required by applicable Law, or (ii) to satisfy obligations existing as of the date hereof pursuant to the terms of contracts that are in effect on the date hereof;

(i)          except in the ordinary course of business, not materially modify or amend, or terminate any Material Contract, or waive, relinquish, release or terminate any material right or material claim, or enter into any contract that would have been a Material Contract if it had been in existence at the time of the execution of this Agreement;

(j)          continue in full force and effect without modification all Insurance Policies, except as required by applicable Law;

(k)          defend and protect its properties and assets from infringement or usurpation;

(l)          perform all of its obligations under all Contracts relating to or affecting its properties, assets or business;

(m)          maintain its books and records in accordance with past practice;

(n)          comply in all material respects with all applicable Laws; and

(o)          not take or permit any action that would cause any of the changes, events or conditions described in Section 5.08 to occur.

Section 6.02          Registration Statement; Approval by Royale’s Stockholders.

(a)          Royale shall file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and any state securities regulatory agency where required a Registration Statement on Form S-4 to register the common stock of Royale to be issued as Exchange Consideration and to provide Proxy Statement/Prospectus to Royale’s stockholders seeking approval of the Merger.  Royale shall use its reasonable best efforts to make effective the Registration Statement on Form S-4, and once effective use the Proxy Statement/Prospectus to solicit proxies and conduct a meeting of Royale’s stockholders to obtain the approval of its shareholders for the Merger and the Exchanges. ).  Royale and Parent shall use reasonable best efforts to cause the Registration Statement and the Proxy Statement/Prospectus to comply with the applicable rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC, to respond promptly to any comments of the SEC or its staff and to have the Registration Statement declared effective under the Securities Act as promptly as practicable after it is filed with the SEC.

(b)          Subject to the terms set forth in this Agreement, Royale shall take all action necessary to duly call, give notice of, convene and hold a special meeting of Royale stockholders to consider and vote on this Agreement, the Mergers and related transactions (the “Royale Stockholders Meeting”) as soon as reasonably practicable after the date of this Agreement, and, in connection therewith, Royale shall mail the Proxy Statement/Prospectus to the holders of Royale Common Stock and Royale Preferred Stock, if any, in advance of such meeting. Royale

Section 6.03          Approval of the Holders.  Royale and Parent shall use reasonable best efforts to cause the Proxy Statement/Prospectus to be mailed to the Holders as promptly as practicable after the date on which the Registration Statement is declared effective under the Securities Act.  Royale and Parent shall use reasonable best efforts to (i) solicit the agreement of each Holder, in compliance with all applicable laws, to enter into this Agreement and participate in the Preferred Exchange, and (ii) take all other actions necessary or advisable to consummate the transaction contemplated herein.  Royale and Parent shall keep the Holders updated with respect to the solicitation results as requested from time to time by Holders.  Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, Royale and Parent shall not be required to deliver or continue solicitation of Holders with respect to the Preferred Exchange if this Agreement is terminated prior to Closing.

Section 6.04          Approval of the Partnership and the Holders.

(a)          The Holders will use reasonable best efforts to obtain and deliver to Royale and Parent the consents required from the Partnership, the Matrix LP Partners and Matrix to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Subject to the terms set forth in this Agreement, the Holders shall take all action necessary to seek the written consent of the Holders to approve this Agreement and related transactions (the “Requisite Holders’ Consent”) in accordance with the requirements of the Partnership Charter Documents of the Partnership and the CCC on or before the time of the Royale Stockholders Meeting, as soon as reasonably practicable after the date of this Agreement. The Holders shall use reasonable best efforts to (i) solicit consents from the Holders, in compliance with all applicable laws, in favor of the adoption of this Agreement and approval of the Preferred Exchange, and (ii) take all other actions necessary or advisable to secure the vote or consent of the holders of the Holders required by applicable Law to obtain such approval. The Partnership and Matrix shall keep Royale updated with respect to the consent solicitation results as requested Royale.  Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, the Holders shall not be required to deliver or continue solicitation of consents from the Holders if this Agreement is terminated before the Royale Stockholders Meeting is held.

Section 6.05          Certain Pre-Merger Actions of Royale Parties.

(a)          Parent and Royale.  Royale will take all action necessary to cause Parent, Royale and each of their Subsidiaries to perform its obligations under this Agreement and to consummate the Preferred Exchange on the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement. Until the Closing, Parent will not carry on any business or conduct any operations other than the execution of this Agreement, the Merger Agreement and the performance of its obligations reasonably related to such agreements.

(b)          Royale Energy Direct Working Interest Subsidiary.  Prior to the Merger, Royale will cause certain assets and liabilities related to the ownership of direct working interests in oil and gas properties which are held for the benefit of third parties to be transferred to a separate, wholly owned subsidiary of Royale for the benefit of the third party working interest holders.

Section 6.06          Notice of Certain Events.

(a)          From the date hereof until the Closing, Royale shall promptly notify the Holders  in writing of:

(i) any fact, circumstance, event or action the existence, occurrence or taking of which (A) has had, or could reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Royale Material Adverse Effect, (B) has resulted in, or could reasonably be expected to result in, any representation or warranty made by any of the Royale Parties hereunder not being true and correct, or (C) has resulted in, or could reasonably be expected to result in, the failure of any of the conditions set forth in Section 8.01 or 8.03 to be satisfied;

(ii) any notice or other communication from any Person alleging that the consent of such Person is or may be required in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement;

(iii) any notice or other communication from any Governmental Authority in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; and

(iv) any Actions commenced or, to the Knowledge of any of the Royale Parties, is threatened against, relating to or involving or otherwise affecting any of the Royale Parties that, if pending on the date of this Agreement, would have been required to have been disclosed pursuant to Section 5.13 or that relates to the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

(b)          The receipt of information by any Party pursuant to this Section 6.06 shall not operate as a waiver or otherwise affect any representation, warranty or agreement given or made by any other Party in this Agreement  and shall not be deemed to amend or supplement the Disclosure Schedules.

Section 6.07          Public Announcements.  In connection with the execution and delivery of this Agreement, Royale and Matrix shall issue a joint press release mutually agreed to by Matrix (on behalf of itself and certain Matrix LPs) and Royale.  Royale, in its discretion, shall be entitled to convene an investor conference call in conjunction with the issuance of such press release.  Except for the press release and such conference call, no party shall issue or cause the publication of any press release or other public announcement (to the extent not previously issued or made in accordance with this Agreement) with respect to this Agreement, the Mergers, the Ancillary Documents, the Exchanges, or the other transactions contemplated hereby without the prior written consent of the other parties (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed), except as may be required by Law, including applicable SEC requirements, applicable fiduciary duties or by any applicable listing agreement with a mutually agreed

Section 6.08          Governmental Approvals and Consents.

(a)          Each party hereto shall, as promptly as possible, (i) make, or cause or be made, all filings and submissions  required under any Law applicable to such party or any of its Affiliates; and (ii) use reasonable best efforts to obtain, or cause to be obtained, all consents, authorizations, orders and approvals from all Governmental Authorities that may be or become necessary for its execution and delivery of this Agreement and the performance of its obligations pursuant to this Agreement and the Ancillary Documents. Each party shall cooperate fully with the other party and its Affiliates in promptly seeking to obtain all such consents, authorizations, orders and approvals. The parties hereto shall not willfully take any action that will have the effect of delaying, impairing or impeding the receipt of any required consents, authorizations, orders and approvals.

(b)          Royale shall use reasonable best efforts to give all notices to, and obtain all consents from, all third parties that are described in Section 5.03 of the Disclosure Schedules.

(c)          Without limiting the generality of the parties’ undertakings pursuant to subsections (a) and (b) above, each of the parties hereto shall use all reasonable best efforts to:

(i) respond to any inquiries by any Governmental Authority regarding antitrust or other matters with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any Ancillary Document;

(ii) avoid the imposition of any order or the taking of any action that would restrain, alter or enjoin the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any Ancillary Document; and

(iii) in the event any Governmental Order adversely affecting the ability of the parties to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any Ancillary Document has been issued, to have such Governmental Order vacated or lifted.

(d)          Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing in this Section 6.08 shall require, or be construed to require, Royale or any of its Affiliates to agree to (i) sell, hold, divest, discontinue or limit, before or after the Closing Date, any assets, businesses or interests of Royale or any of its Affiliates; (ii) any conditions relating to, or changes or restrictions in, the operations of any such assets, businesses or interests which, in any case, could reasonably be expected to result in a Royale Material Adverse Effect, or which would materially and adversely impact the economic or business benefits to Parent, Royale or their respective stockholders or partners, of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; or (iii) any material modification or waiver of the terms and conditions of this Agreement.

Section 6.09          Closing Conditions.  From the date hereof until the Closing, each party hereto shall use reasonable best efforts to take such actions as are necessary to expeditiously satisfy the closing conditions set forth in ARTICLE VIII hereof.

Section 6.10          Subsequent Filings.  Until the earlier of the Closing Date or the termination of this Agreement, Royale will timely file with the SEC each form, report and document required to be filed by Royale under the Exchange Act.  As of their respective dates, none of such reports shall contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.  The audited consolidated financial statements and unaudited interim financial statements of Royale included in such reports shall be prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles applied on a consistent basis (except as may be indicated in the notes thereto) and shall present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Royale and its consolidated Subsidiaries as at the dates thereof and the results of their operations and changes in financial position for the periods then ended.

Section 6.11          Stockholder Litigation.  Royale shall promptly advise Holders orally and in writing of any shareholder litigation commenced against Royale and/or its directors relating to this Agreement, the Royale Merger, the Matrix Merger and/or the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or the Ancillary Documents and shall keep the Holders fully informed regarding any such shareholder litigation.

Section 6.12          Listing on National Securities Exchange.  Royale and the Parent shall each use its reasonable best efforts to have the Parent Common Stock to be issued upon consummation of the Mergers and the Other Exchanges, as well as the Parent Common Stock issuable upon conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock issued to the Holders in connection with the Preferred Exchange, to be listed for trading on a national securities exchange upon effectiveness of the Royale Merger, or approved for listing upon notice of issuance of such Parent Common Stock.

Section 6.13          Further Assurances.  Each party shall, at any time and from time to time after the date hereof, upon reasonable request by another party and without further consideration, execute and deliver such instruments or other documents and take such further action as may be reasonably required in order to perfect any other undertaking made by the party hereunder, or to vest, perfect or confirm of record or otherwise, the equity interests assigned in connection with the Preferred Exchange.

Section 6.14          Certain Tax Matters.

(a)          Parent, Royale and the Holder shall each use their reasonable best efforts to cause the Mergers and Exchanges (“Contributions”) to qualify as a tax-deferred capital contribution within the meaning of Section 351 of the IRC, and before or after the Closing, none of Parent, Royale or the Holders shall knowingly take any action, cause any action to be taken, fail to take any action or cause any action to fail to be taken which action or failure to act could cause the Contributions to fail to qualify under Section 351 of the IRC.

(b)          Parent, Royale and the Holders shall comply with the record keeping and information reporting requirements set forth in U.S. Treasury Regulation Section 1.351-3.

(c)          Royale shall use its reasonable best efforts to obtain the Tax opinions set forth in Section 8.02(f).

(d)          Officers of Royale shall execute and deliver, respectively, to Strasburger & Price, LLP, Tax counsel for Royale, and Porter Hedges LLP, Tax counsel for Matrix, certificates substantially in the form agreed to by the parties and such law firms at such time or times as may reasonably be requested by such law firms, including (i) prior to the time the Registration Statement is declared effective by the SEC, (ii) prior to the Matrix Merger Effective Time and the Royale Merger Effective Time, and (iii) prior to Closing (if not Closing does not occur substantially concurrently with such merger effective times), in connection with such Tax counsel’s respective delivery of opinions pursuant to Section 8.02(f).  Each of Royale and Parent shall use its reasonable best efforts not to take or cause to be taken any action that would cause to be untrue (or fail to take or cause not to be taken any action which would cause to be untrue) any of the certifications and representations included in the certificates described in this Section 5.18.

(e)          For federal income tax purposes, Parent and Royale shall treat:

(i) the Matrix Stockholders as the owners of the Matrix Common Stock surrendered by them in the Matrix Merger through the close of the day on which the Matrix Merger Effective Time occurs;

(ii) the Royale Stockholders as the owners of the Royale Shares surrendered by them in the Royale Merger through the close of the day on which the Royale Merger Effective Time occurs;

(iii) the Holders as the owners of their respective Matrix Preferred Interests surrendered by them in the Preferred Exchange through the close of the Closing Date for this Agreement;

(iv) the Matrix LP Partners as the owners of their respective Common LP Interests in the Matrix LPs surrendered by them in the LP Exchanges through the close of the Closing Date for the applicable LP Exchange Agreement;

(v) the Matrix Operator shareholders as the owners of the shares of capital stock of Matrix Operator surrendered by them in the Matrix Operator Stock Exchange through the close of the Closing Date for the Matrix Operator Stock Exchange Agreement;

(vi) each Matrix LP as terminating pursuant to Section 708 of the IRC as of the close of the Closing Date for the applicable LP Exchange Agreement, and

(vii) the Matrix Operator as an S corporation through the close of the Closing Date for the Matrix Operator Stock Exchange Agreement (on which date its taxable year shall end ), and as a C corporation eligible to join in filing a consolidated federal income tax return with Parent commencing at the beginning of the day following such Closing Date.

Section 6.15          Matrix Senior Indebtedness.  Parent, Royale and the Holders shall use reasonable best efforts to obtain the consent of the agent and lenders under Matrix’s Term Loan Agreement, dated effective June 15, 2016 (the “Matrix Senior Indebtedness”), among Matrix, Matrix Operator and the Matrix LPs, as borrowers party thereto, the administrative agent party thereto, and the lenders from time to time party thereto, and any other consent under any related loan and security documents, and to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and to cause Parent to assume all of the obligations of Matrix, Matrix Operator and the Matrix LPs under the Matrix Senior Indebtedness and any related loan and security documents; provided, however, that if the Matrix Senior Indebtedness shall be refinanced under the terms of any form of new senior Indebtedness, then such new senior Indebtedness shall be on terms and conditions reasonably acceptable to Royale, Matrix, Matrix Operator and the Matrix LPs.

Section 6.16          Consents to Matrix Merger and Other Exchanges.  Each of the Holders hereby consents to the Matrix Merger, this Preferred Exchange and the Other Exchanges, as well as each sale, assignment and transfer of the Other Exchange Interests pursuant to the Other Exchanges and the Matrix Preferred Interests pursuant to this Preferred Exchange, and consents and agrees that the Parent, as transferee of all of the Matrix Preferred Interests and Matrix LP Interests, shall, upon consummation of such respective assignments, be admitted as a substituted limited partner to each of the Matrix LPs, and that each Matrix LP shall continue in full force and effect following this Preferred Exchange and such Other Exchange in accordance with terms of its Partnership Charter Documents, with Parent as substituted limited partner and Matrix continuing as general partner of such Matrix LP.

Section 8.01          Conditions to Obligations of All Parties.

(a)          This Agreement and the Preferred Exchange and shall have been duly adopted and approved by each of the Holders and the Other Exchanges shall have been duly adopted and approved by the Other Exchange Approvals.

(b)          This Agreement, the Royale Merger, the Matrix Merger and the issuance of Parent Common Stock pursuant to (i) the Royale merger, (ii) the Matrix Merger, (iii) the LP Exchange Agreements, and (iv) the Matrix Operator Stock Exchange Agreement, shall have been duly adopted and approved by the Requisite Royale Vote and the Requisite Matrix Vote in accordance with the CCC and the DGCL, as applicable.

(c)          No Governmental Authority shall have enacted, issued, promulgated, enforced or entered any Governmental Order which is in effect and has the effect of making the transactions contemplated by this Agreement illegal, otherwise restraining or prohibiting consummation of such transactions or causing any of the transactions contemplated hereunder to be rescinded following completion thereof.

(d)          the Registration Statement shall be declared effective under the Securities Act, and no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement shall have been issued by the SEC and no proceeding for that purpose shall have been initiated by the SEC and not concluded or withdrawn;

(e)          the issuance of the shares of Parent Common Stock to be issued as the Capital Stock Consideration in connection with the Mergers and the Exchanges, and the shares of Parent Common Stock issuable on conversion of the Series B Preferred Stock to be issued in connection with the Preferred Exchange Consideration, shall have been appropriately registered under the Securities Act and registered, qualified or qualified for exemption under applicable state securities Laws;

(f)          the Holders shall have received all consents, authorizations, orders and approvals from the Governmental Authorities referred to in Section 4.01 in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Royale and the Holders, and no such consent, authorization, order and approval shall have been revoked.

(g)          Royale shall have received all consents, authorizations, orders and approvals from the Governmental Authorities referred to in Section 5.03, in each case, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Royale and the Holders, and no such consent, authorization, order and approval shall have been revoked.

(h)          All conditions to the Mergers have been satisfied or waived by the parties thereto.

Section 8.02          Conditions to Obligations of Royale and Parent. The obligations of Royale and Parent to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement shall be subject to the fulfillment or Royale’s waiver, at or prior to the Closing, of each of the following conditions:

(a)          Other than the representations and warranties of the Holders contained in Section 4.01(a), Section 4.02 and Section 4.03, the representations and warranties of the Holders contained in this Agreement and those of each Holder in its respective Letter of Transmittal and any certificate or other writing delivered pursuant hereto shall be true and correct in all respects or in all material respects on and as of the date hereof and on and as of the Closing Date with the same effect as though made at and as of such date (except those representations and warranties that address matters only as of a specified date, the accuracy of which shall be determined as of that specified date in all respects). The representations and warranties of the Holders contained in Section 4.01(a), Section 4.02 and Section 4.03, shall be true and correct in all respects on and as of the date hereof and on and as of the Closing Date with the same effect as though made at and as of such date (except those representations and warranties that address matters only as of a specified date, the accuracy of which shall be determined as of that specified date in all respects).

(b)          The Holders shall have duly performed and complied in all material respects with all agreements, covenants and conditions required by this Agreement prior to or on the Closing Date; provided, that, with respect to agreements, covenants and conditions that are qualified by materiality, the Holders shall have performed such agreements, covenants and conditions, as so qualified.

(c)          No Action shall have been commenced against any of the Royale Parties, the Holders or Matrix, which would prevent the Closing. No injunction or restraining order shall have been issued by any Governmental Authority, and be in effect, which restrains or prohibits any transaction contemplated hereby.

(d)          All approvals, consents and waivers that are listed on Section 4.01 of the Holders Disclosure Schedules shall have been received, and executed counterparts thereof shall have been delivered to Royale at or prior to the Closing.

(e)          The Royale Board shall have received an opinion from Northland Capital Markets to the effect that, as of the date of this Agreement and based upon and subject to the qualifications and assumptions set forth therein, the terms of the Merger are fair, from a financial point of view, to Royale and its shareholders, and such opinion shall not have been rescinded or revoked.

(f)          Royale shall have received the opinion of Strasburger & Price, LLP, counsel to Royale, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Royale, on the date on which the Registration Statement is filed and on the Closing Date, in each case dated as of such respective date, rendered on the basis of facts, representations and assumptions set forth in such opinion and the certificates obtained from officers of Matrix, Royale and Parent, all of which are consistent with the state of facts existing as of the date on which the Registration Statement is filed and the Royale Merger Effective Time, as applicable, to the effect that the Royale Merger will qualify for nonrecognition of gain or loss under  Section 351 of the IRC.  In rendering the opinion described in this Section 8.02(f), Strasburger & Price, LLP shall have received and may rely upon the certificates and representations referred to in Section 6.14.

(g)          The Holders shall have delivered each of the closing deliverables set forth in Section 8.04(a).

(h)          The lenders and the administrative agent who are party to the Matrix Senior Indebtedness and any related loan and security documents shall have consented to assumption of the Matrix Senior Indebtedness and any related loan and security documents by the Parent or the Matrix Senior Indebtedness and any related loan shall have been refinanced or paid off in accordance with Section 6.15.

(i)          Holders of no more than 5.0% of the outstanding shares of Matrix Common Stock as of immediately prior to the Matrix Merger Effective Time, in the aggregate, shall have exercised, or remain entitled to exercise, statutory appraisal rights pursuant to Section 1301 of the CCC with respect to such shares of Matrix Common Stock.

Section 8.03          Conditions to Obligations of Holders.  The obligations of the Holders to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement shall be subject to the fulfillment or the Holders’ waiver, at or prior to the Closing, of each of the following conditions:

(a)          Other than the representations and warranties of the Royale Parties contained in Section 5.01, Section 5.02(b), Section 5.03, Section 5.04, Section 5.05, Section 5.18, Section 5.21 and Section 5.22, the representations and warranties of the Royale Parties contained in this Agreement, the Ancillary Documents and any certificate or other writing delivered pursuant hereto shall be true and correct in all respects (in the case of any representation or warranty qualified by materiality or Material Adverse Effect, as so qualified) or in all material respects (in the case of any representation or warranty not qualified by materiality or Material Adverse Effect) on and as of the date hereof and on and as of the Closing Date with the same effect as though made at and as of such date (except those representations and warranties that address matters only as of a specified date, the accuracy of which shall be determined as of that specified date in all respects). The representations and warranties of the Royale Parties contained in Section 5.01, Section 5.02(b), Section 5.03, Section 5.04, Section 5.05, Section 5.18, Section 5.21 and Section 5.22 shall be true and correct in all respects on and as of the date hereof and on and as of the Closing Date with the same effect as though made at and as of such date (except those representations and warranties that address matters only as of a specified date, the accuracy of which shall be determined as of that specified date in all respects).

(b)          The Royale Parties shall have duly performed and complied in all material respects with all agreements, covenants and conditions required by this Agreement and each of the Ancillary Documents to be performed or complied with by them prior to or on the Closing Date; provided, that, with respect to agreements, covenants and conditions that are qualified by materiality, the Royale Parties shall have performed such agreements, covenants and conditions, as so qualified, in all respects.

(c)          No injunction or restraining order shall have been issued by any Governmental Authority, and be in effect, which restrains or prohibits any material transaction contemplated hereby.

(d)          All approvals, consents and waivers that are listed on Section 5.03 of the Royale Disclosure Schedules shall have been received, and executed counterparts thereof shall have been delivered to Matrix at or prior to the Closing.

(e)          From the date of this Agreement, there shall not have occurred any Royale Material Adverse Effect, nor shall any event or events have occurred that, individually or in the aggregate, with or without the lapse of time, could reasonably be expected to result in a Royale Material Adverse Effect.

(f)          Matrix shall have received the opinion of Porter Hedges LLP, counsel to Matrix, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Matrix, on the date on which the Registration Statement is filed and on the Closing Date, in each case dated as of such respective date, rendered on the basis of facts, representations and assumptions set forth in such opinion and the certificates obtained from officers of Matrix, Royale and Parent, all of which are consistent with the state of facts existing as of the date on which the Registration Statement is filed and the

(g)          Royale shall have delivered each of the closing deliverables set forth in Section 8.04(b).

(h)          Royale shall have an aggregate cash balance in excess of 65% of its deferred drilling obligation immediately prior to the Closing Date.

(i)          The lenders and the administrative agent who are party to the Matrix Senior Indebtedness and any related loan and security documents shall have consented to assumption of the Matrix Senior Indebtedness and any related loan and security documents by the Parent or the Matrix Senior Indebtedness and any related loan shall have been paid off in accordance with Section 6.15.

(j)          No later than the earlier of (i) the time of the Royale Stockholders Meeting, (ii) the time of the next annual meeting of stockholders of Royale, or (iii) August 2, 2017, a majority of the then-current stockholders of Royale shall have approved the conversion of $1,580,000 aggregate principal amount of the convertible notes of Royale issued on August 2, 2016 (the “Royale Convertible Notes”), representing all of the aggregate principal amount of such Royale Convertible Notes, into Royale Common Stock or Parent Common Stock, as applicable, pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Royale Convertible Notes.

(k)          Holders of no more than 5.0% of the outstanding shares of Royale Common Stock as of immediately prior to the Royale Merger Effective Time, in the aggregate, shall have exercised, or remain entitled to exercise, statutory appraisal rights pursuant to Section 1301 of the CCC with respect to shares of Royale Common Stock in connection with the Royale Merger or any of the Exchanges.

Section 8.04          Closing Deliverables.

(a)          At or prior to the Escrow Closing, the Holders shall deliver or cause the Partnership to deliver, to Royale, or if otherwise provided below, to the Escrow Agent, the following, as provided below:

(i) Each Holder shall have executed and delivered to the Escrow Agent this Agreement, a properly executed and completed Letter of Transmittal with respect thereto, in the form attached to Exhibit C (“Letter of Transmittal”) which shall be delivered to the Escrow Agent together with the certificates, if any, representing all of such Holder’s Matrix Preferred Interests.

(ii) Each Holder that is a corporation or limited liability company shall provide a certificate of the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary (or equivalent officer) of the corporation or limited liability company certifying the names and signatures of the officers authorized to sign this Agreement and the other documents to be delivered hereunder, and each Holder that is a partnership shall provide a certificate of its general

(b)          At the Closing, Royale shall deliver to the Partnership (or such other Person as may be specified herein) the following:

(i) instructions to Parent’s transfer agent to issue and deliver the Preferred Exchange Consideration to each of the Holders as provided in this Agreement, in each case registered in the name of the Persons specified in the respective Letters of Transmittal;

(ii) instructions to Royale’s transfer agent to issue and deliver the consideration to be delivered in connection with the Mergers and the Other Exchanges pursuant to the Requisite Approvals to such Persons entitled to receive such consideration in accordance with such Requisite Approvals;

(iii) evidence that the Matrix Senior Indebtedness shall have been assumed by Parent or paid off as of the Closing Date in accordance with Section 6.14;

(iv) a certificate, dated the Closing Date and signed by a duly authorized officer of each Royale Party, that each of the conditions set forth in Section 8.03(a) and Section 8.03(b) have been satisfied;

(v) a certificate of the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary (or equivalent officer) of the Royale Parties certifying that attached thereto are true and complete copies of all resolutions adopted by the board of directors of the Royale Parties authorizing the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the Ancillary Documents and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, and that all such resolutions are in full force and effect and are all the resolutions adopted in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby;

(vi) a certificate of the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary (or equivalent officer) of the Royale Parties certifying the names and signatures of the officers of the Royale Parties authorized to sign this Agreement, the Ancillary Documents and the other documents to be delivered hereunder and thereunder;

(c)          At the Closing, provided that (i) the conditions of this ARTICLE VIII have been fulfilled to the reasonable satisfaction of each Party entitled to satisfaction thereof, and(ii) each of the deliveries required by Section 8.04(a) and Section 8.04(b) have been made in accordance with requirements thereof, Royale and the Partnership shall provide joint written instructions to the Escrow Agent to release and deliver to Royale or its designee all of the Letters of Transmittal and certificates representing the Matrix Preferred Interests, if any, held in escrow by Escrow Agent pursuant to this Agreement.

Section 9.01          Termination.

(a)          by the mutual written consent of the Holders and Royale;

(b)          by Royale by written notice to the Holders if:

(i) no Royale Party is then in material breach of any provision of this Agreement and there has been a breach, inaccuracy in or failure to perform any representation, warranty, covenant or agreement made by the Holders pursuant to this Agreement that would give rise to the failure of any of the conditions specified in ARTICLE VIII and such breach, inaccuracy or failure has not been cured by the Holders within 30 days of the Holders’ receipt of written notice of such breach from Royale; or

(ii) any of the conditions set forth in Section 8.01 or Section 8.02 shall not have been fulfilled by February 28, 2018  (the “Outside Date”), or if it becomes impossible or extremely unlikely for any such conditions to be fulfilled by the Outside

(c)          by the Holders by written notice to Royale if:

(i) the Holders are not then in material breach of any provision of this Agreement and there has been a breach, inaccuracy in or failure to perform any representation, warranty, covenant or agreement made by any Royale Party pursuant to this Agreement that would give rise to the failure of any of the conditions specified in ARTICLE VIII and such breach, inaccuracy or failure has not been cured by such Royale Party within 30 days of Royale’s receipt of written notice of such breach from the Holders; or

(ii) any of the conditions set forth in Section 8.01 or Section 8.03 shall not have been fulfilled by the Outside Date, or if it becomes impossible or extremely unlikely for any such conditions to be fulfilled by the Outside Date, unless such failure shall be due to the failure of the Holders to perform or comply with any of the covenants, agreements or conditions hereof to be performed or complied with by it prior to the Closing; or

(d)          by either Royale or the Holders if:

(i) the Merger has not been consummated on or before the Outside Date; provided, that the right to terminate this agreement pursuant to this subsection shall not be available to any party whose breach of any representation, warranty, covenant or agreement set forth in this Agreement has been the cause of, or resulted in, the failure of the Closing to be consummated on or before the Outside Date.

(ii) there shall be any Law that makes consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement illegal or otherwise prohibited or any Governmental Authority shall have issued a Governmental Order restraining or enjoining the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and such Governmental Order shall have become final and non-appealable;

(iii) this Agreement has been submitted to the stockholders of Royale for adoption at a duly convened Royale Stockholders Meeting and the Requisite Royale Vote shall not have been obtained at such meeting (including any adjournment or postponement thereof); or

(iv) this Agreement has been submitted to the Holders and the Holders’ Consent shall not have been obtained.

Section 9.02          Effect of Termination.  In the event of the termination of this Agreement in accordance with this ARTICLE IX, written notice thereof shall be given to the other party or parties, specifying the provision hereof pursuant to which such termination is made, and there shall be no liability or further obligation under this Agreement on the part of the Royale Parties

(a)          Royale and the Holders shall comply with, and shall cause their respective Representatives to comply with, all of their respective obligations with respect to confidential information set forth in the intent dated July 20, 2016, between Royale and Matrix (the “Letter of Intent”), which obligations shall survive the termination of this Agreement in accordance with the terms set forth therein;

(b)          as set forth in this ARTICLE IX, and ARTICLE X hereof; and

(c)          that nothing herein shall relieve any party hereto from liability for fraud, or for any willful breach of any provision hereof.

Section 10.01          Expenses.  Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, all costs and expenses, including, without limitation, fees and disbursements of counsel, financial advisors and accountants, incurred in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby shall be paid by the party incurring such costs and expenses, whether or not the Closing shall have occurred.

Section 10.02          Notices.  All notices, requests, consents, claims, demands, waivers and other communications hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been given (a) when delivered by hand (with written confirmation of receipt); (b) when received by the addressee if sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier (receipt requested); (c) on the date sent by facsimile or e-mail of a PDF document (with confirmation of transmission) if sent during normal business hours of the recipient, and on the next Business Day if sent after normal business hours of the recipient or (d) on the third day after the date mailed, by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid. Such communications must be sent to the respective parties at the following addresses (or at such other address for a party as shall be specified in a notice given in accordance with this Section 10.02):

Section 10.03          Interpretation.  For purposes of this Agreement, (a) the words “include,” “includes” and “including” shall be deemed to be followed by the words “without limitation”; (b) the word “or” is not exclusive; and (c) the words “herein,” “hereof,” “hereby,” “hereto” and “hereunder” refer to this Agreement as a whole. Unless the context otherwise requires, references herein: (x) to Articles, Sections, Disclosure Schedules and Exhibits mean the Articles and Sections of, and Disclosure Schedules and Exhibits attached to, this Agreement; (y) to an agreement, instrument or other document means such agreement, instrument or other document as amended, supplemented and modified from time to time to the extent permitted by the provisions thereof and (z) to a statute means such statute as amended from time to time and includes any successor legislation thereto and any regulations promulgated thereunder. This Agreement shall be construed without regard to any presumption or rule requiring construction or interpretation against the party drafting an instrument or causing any instrument to be drafted. The Disclosure Schedules and Exhibits referred to herein shall be construed with, and as an integral part of, this Agreement to the same extent as if they were set forth verbatim herein.

Section 10.04          Headings.  The headings in this Agreement are for reference only and shall not affect the interpretation of this Agreement.

Section 10.05          Severability.  If any term or provision of this Agreement is invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any jurisdiction, such invalidity, illegality or unenforceability shall not affect any other term or provision of this Agreement or invalidate or render unenforceable such term or provision in any other jurisdiction. Upon such determination that any term or other provision is invalid, illegal or unenforceable, the parties hereto shall negotiate in good faith to modify this Agreement so as to effect the original intent of the parties as closely as possible in a mutually acceptable manner in order that the transactions contemplated hereby be consummated as originally contemplated to the greatest extent possible.

Section 10.06          Entire Agreement.  This Agreement and the Ancillary Documents constitute the sole and entire agreement of the parties to this Agreement with respect to the subject matter contained herein and therein, and supersede all prior and contemporaneous understandings and agreements, both written and oral, with respect to such subject matter. In the event of any inconsistency between the statements in the body of this Agreement and those in the Ancillary Documents, the Exhibits and Disclosure Schedules (other than an exception expressly

Section 10.07          Successors and Assigns.  This Agreement shall be binding upon and shall inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns. Neither party may assign its rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of the other party, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed. No assignment shall relieve the assigning party of any of its obligations hereunder.

Section 10.08          Amendment and Modification; Waiver.  This Agreement may only be amended, modified or supplemented by an agreement in writing signed by Royale, Parent, and the Holders at any time prior to the Matrix Merger Effective Time and the Royale Merger Effective Time; provided, however, that after each of the Requisite Matrix Vote and the Requisite Royale Vote is obtained, there shall be no amendment or waiver that, pursuant to applicable Law, requires further approval of the Stockholders, without the receipt of such further approvals. Any failure of any Royale Party, on the one hand, or Holders, on the other hand, to comply with any obligation, covenant, agreement or condition herein may be waived by Holders (with respect to any failure by any Royale Party) or by the Royale Parties (with respect to any failure by the Holders), respectively, only by a written instrument signed by the party granting such waiver, but such waiver or failure to insist upon strict compliance with such obligation, covenant, agreement or condition shall not operate as a waiver of, or estoppel with respect to, any subsequent or other failure.

Section 10.09          Governing Law; Submission to Jurisdiction; Waiver of Jury Trial.

(a)          This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of Delaware without giving effect to any choice or conflict of law provision or rule (whether of the State of Delaware or any other jurisdiction).

(b)          ANY LEGAL SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF OR BASED UPON THIS AGREEMENT, THE ANCILLARY DOCUMENTS OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY OR THEREBY MAY BE INSTITUTED IN THE FEDERAL COURTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA OR THE COURTS OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA IN EACH CASE LOCATED IN THE CITY OF SAN DIEGO AND COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO, AND EACH PARTY IRREVOCABLY SUBMITS TO THE EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF SUCH COURTS IN ANY SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING. SERVICE OF PROCESS, SUMMONS, NOTICE OR OTHER DOCUMENT BY MAIL TO SUCH PARTY’S ADDRESS SET FORTH HEREIN SHALL BE EFFECTIVE SERVICE OF PROCESS FOR ANY SUIT, ACTION OR OTHER PROCEEDING BROUGHT IN ANY SUCH COURT. THE PARTIES IRREVOCABLY AND UNCONDITIONALLY WAIVE ANY OBJECTION TO THE LAYING OF VENUE OF ANY SUIT, ACTION OR ANY PROCEEDING IN SUCH COURTS AND IRREVOCABLY WAIVE AND AGREE NOT TO PLEAD OR CLAIM IN ANY SUCH COURT THAT ANY SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING BROUGHT IN ANY SUCH COURT HAS BEEN BROUGHT IN AN INCONVENIENT FORUM.

(c)          EACH PARTY ACKNOWLEDGES AND AGREES THAT ANY CONTROVERSY WHICH MAY ARISE UNDER THIS AGREEMENT OR THE ANCILLARY DOCUMENTS IS LIKELY TO INVOLVE COMPLICATED AND DIFFICULT ISSUES AND, THEREFORE, EACH SUCH PARTY IRREVOCABLY AND UNCONDITIONALLY WAIVES ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN RESPECT OF ANY LEGAL ACTION ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT, THE ANCILLARY DOCUMENTS OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY OR THEREBY. EACH PARTY TO THIS AGREEMENT CERTIFIES AND ACKNOWLEDGES THAT (A) NO REPRESENTATIVE OF ANY OTHER PARTY HAS REPRESENTED, EXPRESSLY OR OTHERWISE, THAT SUCH OTHER PARTY WOULD NOT SEEK TO ENFORCE THE FOREGOING WAIVER IN THE EVENT OF A LEGAL ACTION, (B) SUCH PARTY HAS CONSIDERED THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WAIVER, (C) SUCH PARTY MAKES THIS WAIVER VOLUNTARILY, AND (D) SUCH PARTY HAS BEEN INDUCED TO ENTER INTO THIS AGREEMENT BY, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THE MUTUAL WAIVERS AND CERTIFICATIONS IN THIS SECTION 10.10(c).

Section 10.10          Specific Performance.  The parties agree that irreparable damage would occur if any provision of this Agreement were not performed in accordance with the terms hereof and that the parties shall be entitled to specific performance of the terms hereof, in addition to any other remedy to which they are entitled at law or in equity.

Section 10.11          Counterparts.  This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall be deemed to be one and the same agreement. A signed copy of this Agreement delivered by facsimile, e-mail or other means of electronic transmission shall be deemed to have the same legal effect as delivery of an original signed copy of this Agreement.