Form of Indemnification Agreement

EX-10.4 17 ex104.htm EX-10.4 ex104
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INDEMNIFICATION AGREEMENT
This Indemnification Agreement
 
(this “Agreement”) is
 
made as of [
 
], by and between
 
Lesaka Technologies,
 
Inc., a Florida
corporation
 
(the
 
“Corporation”),
 
and
 
[
 
]
 
(“Indemnitee”).
 
Capitalized
 
terms
 
used,
 
but
 
not
 
otherwise
 
defined
 
herein,
 
shall
 
have
 
the
meanings set forth in Section 1.
RECITALS
A.
Highly competent and
 
qualified persons have
 
become more reluctant
 
to serve corporations
 
as directors, officers
 
or
in other capacities unless they are provided with adequate protection
 
through insurance coverage or adequate indemnification against
risks of claims and actions against them arising out of their service to and activities
 
on behalf of the corporation.
B.
The Board of Directors
 
of the Corporation (the
 
“Board”) has determined that,
 
in order to
 
attract and retain competent
and qualified individuals,
 
the Corporation will
 
seek to maintain
 
on an ongoing
 
basis, at its
 
sole expense, directors’
 
and officers’ liability
insurance to protect persons serving the Corporation and its subsidiaries from certain liabilities. However, as a result of changes in
 
the
marketplace for insurance it has become increasingly difficult
 
to obtain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance
 
on terms providing
reasonable
 
protection at
 
reasonable cost.
 
The uncertainties
 
relating to
 
directors’ and
 
officers’
 
liability insurance
 
have increased
 
the
difficulty of attracting and retaining such persons.
C.
The Board has determined that the potential inability to attract and retain highly competent and qualified persons to
serve the Corporation would
 
be detrimental to the
 
best interests of
 
the Corporation and its
 
shareholders and that the
 
Corporation should
act to assure such persons that there will be increased certainty of adequate protection against risks of claims and actions against them
arising out of their service to and activities on behalf of the Corporation in the future.
D.
The Board has determined that
 
it is reasonable, prudent
 
and necessary for the Corporation to
 
contractually obligate
itself to indemnify,
 
and to advance
 
expenses on behalf
 
of, such persons
 
to the fullest extent
 
permitted by applicable
 
law so that they
will serve or continue to serve the Corporation free from undue concern
 
that they will not be so indemnified.
E.
Indemnitee has
 
agreed to
 
serve the
 
Corporation in
 
an officer
 
and/or director
 
capacity provided
 
that Indemnitee
 
is
provided
 
the
 
protections
 
available
 
under
 
this
 
Agreement,
 
the
 
Corporation’s
 
Amended
 
and
 
Restated
 
Articles
 
of
 
Incorporation
 
(as
amended
 
and
 
restated
 
from
 
time
 
to
 
time,
 
the
 
“Articles
 
of
 
Incorporation”),
 
the
 
Corporation’s
 
Amended
 
and
 
Restated
 
Bylaws
 
(as
amended and restated from time to time, the “Bylaws”) and directors’ and officers’ liability insurance coverage that is adequate in the
present circumstances.
F.
This Agreement is a supplement
 
to and in furtherance of any
 
protections provided by the Articles of
 
Incorporation,
the Bylaws
 
and any
 
resolutions adopted
 
pursuant thereto,
 
and shall
 
not be deemed
 
a substitute
 
therefor,
 
nor to diminish
 
or abrogate
any
 
rights
 
of
 
Indemnitee
 
thereunder.
 
In
 
addition,
 
Indemnitee
 
will
 
be
 
entitled
 
to
 
indemnification
 
pursuant
 
to
 
the
 
Florida
 
Business
Corporation Act.
NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing and the covenants, promises and representations set forth herein, and
for other good
 
and valuable consideration,
 
including Indemnitee’s
 
agreement to serve
 
as a director
 
and/or officer of
 
the Corporation
after the date hereof, and intending to be legally bound hereby,
 
the parties hereto agree as follows:
1.
Certain Definitions
 
for Purposes of
 
this Agreement.
 
The following
 
terms as used
 
in this Agreement
 
shall have the
meanings set forth below.
(a)
“Change in Control” shall have occurred if, during any period
 
of two consecutive years, individuals who at
the beginning of that
 
period constitute the Board
 
of the Corporation cease
 
for any reason to constitute
 
at least a majority
 
of it, unless
the election of each new Director
 
was approved in advance by a
 
vote of at least a
 
majority of the Directors then still
 
in office who were
Directors at the beginning of the period.
(b)
“Corporation” includes any domestic or foreign predecessor
 
entity of the Corporation in a merger
 
or other
transaction in which the predecessor’s existence ceased on consummation
 
of the transaction.
(c)
“Director” means an
 
individual who is
 
or was a
 
director of the
 
Corporation or an
 
individual who, while
 
a
director of the Corporation, is or was serving at the Corporation’s
 
request as a director, officer,
 
partner, trustee, employee, or agent of
another foreign
 
or domestic
 
corporation, partnership,
 
limited liability
 
company,
 
joint venture,
 
trust, employee
 
benefit plan,
 
or other
entity.
 
A Director
 
is considered
 
to be
 
serving an
 
employee benefit
 
plan at
 
the Corporation’s
 
request if
 
that Director’s
 
duties
 
to the
Corporation also impose duties on, or otherwise involve services by,
 
him or her to the plan or to participants in or beneficiaries of the
plan.
 
The term includes, unless
 
the context otherwise requires,
 
the estate, heirs,
 
executors, administrators, and personal
 
representatives
of a director.
 
Exhibit 10.4
 
 
(d)
“Disinterested Director”
 
or “Disinterested
 
Officer” means
 
a Director
 
or Officer,
 
respectively,
 
who at
 
the
time of a vote or selection referred to in Section 4(b) or 5(c) is not a party to the Proceeding.
(e)
“Enterprise”
 
means
 
(i)
 
the
 
Corporation,
 
(ii)
 
any
 
other
 
corporation,
 
partnership,
 
joint
 
venture,
 
trust,
employee benefit plan
 
or other enterprise that
 
is an affiliate or
 
wholly or partially owned
 
subsidiary of the Corporation
 
and of which
Indemnitee is or was serving as a
 
director, trustee, general
 
partner, managing member,
 
officer, employee, agent
 
or fiduciary,
 
and (iii)
any other corporation,
 
partnership, limited liability
 
company,
 
joint venture, trust,
 
employee benefit plan
 
or other enterprise
 
of which
Indemnitee is or was
 
serving at the express
 
written request of the
 
Corporation as a director, trustee, general
 
partner, managing member,
officer, employee, agent or
 
fiduciary.
(f)
“Expenses”
 
includes
 
all
 
reasonable
 
counsel
 
fees,
 
retainers,
 
court
 
costs,
 
transcript
 
costs,
 
fees
 
of
 
experts,
witness fees, travel
 
expenses, duplicating
 
costs, printing and
 
binding costs, telephone
 
charges, postage, delivery
 
service fees, and
 
all
other disbursements or
 
expenses of the types
 
customarily incurred in connection
 
with prosecuting, defending, preparing
 
to prosecute
or
 
defend,
 
investigating,
 
being
 
or preparing
 
to be
 
a
 
witness in,
 
or otherwise
 
participating
 
in,
 
a Proceeding,
 
including any
 
appeals.
Expenses also shall include
 
Expenses incurred in connection with
 
any appeal resulting from any
 
Proceeding, including the premium,
security for,
 
and other costs relating
 
to any cost bond,
 
supersede as bond, or
 
other appeal bond or
 
its equivalent. Expenses,
 
however,
shall not include amounts paid in settlement by Indemnitee or the amount of judgments
 
or fines against Indemnitee.
(g)
“Independent Legal Counsel” means
 
a law firm, or a member
 
of a law firm, that is
 
experienced in matters
of corporation law
 
and neither presently
 
is, nor in
 
the past five
 
years has been,
 
retained to represent:
 
(i) the Corporation,
 
(ii) Indemnitee,
(iii) any
 
affiliate of
 
the Corporation
 
or Indemnitee,
 
(iv) any
 
member of
 
Indemnitee’s
 
immediate family,
 
(v) any
 
company of
 
which
Indemnitee is an
 
executive officer,
 
in each case in
 
any matter material to
 
such party,
 
or (vi) any other
 
party to the Proceeding
 
giving
rise to a claim for indemnification hereunder. Notwithstanding the foregoing,
 
the term “Independent Legal Counsel” shall not include
any
 
person
 
who,
 
under
 
the
 
applicable
 
standards
 
of
 
professional
 
conduct
 
then
 
prevailing,
 
would
 
have
 
a
 
conflict
 
of
 
interest
 
in
representing either the Corporation or Indemnitee in an action to determine
 
Indemnitee’s rights under this Agreement.
(h)
“Liability”
 
includes
 
the
 
obligation
 
to
 
pay
 
a
 
judgment,
 
settlement,
 
penalty,
 
fine
 
(including
 
an
 
excise
 
tax
assessed with respect to an employee benefit plan), or reasonable Expenses
 
actually incurred with respect to a Proceeding.
(i)
“Officer” means
 
an individual who is
 
or was an officer
 
of the Corporation or
 
an individual who,
 
while an
officer of the
 
Corporation, is or was serving
 
at the Corporation’s
 
request as a director,
 
officer, partner,
 
trustee, employee, or agent
 
of
another foreign
 
or domestic
 
corporation, partnership,
 
limited liability
 
company,
 
joint venture,
 
trust, employee
 
benefit plan,
 
or other
entity.
 
An Officer
 
is considered
 
to be
 
serving
 
an employee
 
benefit
 
plan
 
at
 
the Corporation’s
 
request
 
if that
 
Officer’s
 
duties
 
to
 
the
Corporation also impose duties on, or otherwise involve services by,
 
him or her to the plan or to participants in or beneficiaries of the
plan.
 
The term includes, unless
 
the context otherwise requires,
 
the estate, heirs,
 
executors, administrators, and personal
 
representatives
of an officer.
(j)
“Proceeding”
 
includes
 
any
 
threatened,
 
pending
 
or
 
completed
 
action,
 
suit,
 
arbitration,
 
alternate
 
dispute
resolution mechanism, investigation, inquiry, administrative hearing or any other actual, threatened or completed proceeding, whether
brought
 
by
 
or
 
in
 
the
 
right
 
of
 
the
 
Corporation
 
or
 
other
 
Enterprise
 
or
 
otherwise
 
and
 
whether
 
civil,
 
criminal,
 
administrative
 
or
investigative, in which Indemnitee
 
was, is or will be
 
involved as a party
 
or otherwise, by reason
 
of the fact that Indemnitee
 
is or was
an officer
 
or director of
 
the Corporation, by
 
reason of any
 
action taken by
 
Indemnitee or of
 
any inaction on
 
Indemnitee’s
 
part while
acting
 
as an
 
officer
 
or director
 
of the
 
Corporation,
 
or by
 
reason of
 
the fact
 
that Indemnitee
 
is or
 
was serving
 
at the
 
request
 
of the
Corporation as a director, officer, employee, agent or fiduciary of another Enterprise; in each case whether or not Indemnitee is acting
or serving in
 
any such capacity
 
at the time
 
any liability or
 
expense is incurred
 
for which indemnification
 
can be provided
 
under this
Agreement; including one pending on or before the date of this Agreement, but excluding one initiated by Indemnitee pursuant to this
Agreement to enforce Indemnitee’s rights
 
under this Agreement.
(k)
“Reviewing
 
Party”
 
shall
 
mean
 
the
 
person
 
or
 
persons
 
making
 
the
 
entitlement
 
determination
 
pursuant
 
to
Section 5 of this Agreement, and shall not include a court making any determination
 
under this Agreement or otherwise.
2.
Basic Indemnification Arrangement.
(a)
Obligation to Indemnify;
 
Standard of Conduct. Except
 
as provided in Sections
 
2(e), 2(f), 2(g) or
 
7 below,
the Corporation shall indemnify Indemnitee and hold harmless Indemnitee,
 
to the fullest extent authorized or permitted by applicable
law, in the event Indemnitee is
 
made a party
 
to a Proceeding because
 
he or she
 
is or was
 
a Director or Officer, against Liability
 
incurred
in the Proceeding if:
(1)
Indemnitee acted in good faith;
(2)
Indemnitee acted
 
in a manner
 
he or she
 
reasonably believed to
 
be in, or
 
not opposed
 
to, the best
interests of the Corporation; and
(3)
in the case of
 
any criminal Proceeding,
 
Indemnitee had no
 
reasonable cause to
 
believe his or
 
her
conduct was unlawful.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(b)
Service with Respect to Employee Benefit Plan. Indemnitee’s conduct
 
with respect to an employee benefit
plan for a purpose he or she believed to be in the
 
interests of the participants in, and beneficiaries of, the plan
 
is conduct that satisfies
the requirement of Section 2(a)(2).
(c)
Reliance as Safe Harbor. For purposes
 
of any determination hereunder, Indemnitee shall
 
be deemed to have
acted in good faith and
 
in a manner reasonably believed to
 
be in or not
 
opposed to the best interests
 
of the Corporation, or, with respect
to any criminal
 
Proceeding, to have
 
had no reasonable
 
cause to believe
 
Indemnitee’s
 
conduct was unlawful,
 
if Indemnitee’s
 
conduct
was based primarily
 
on: (i) the
 
records or books
 
of account of
 
the Corporation
 
or relevant entity,
 
including financial
 
statements, (ii)
information supplied to Indemnitee by the officers of the Corporation or relevant entity in the course of their duties, (iii) the advice of
legal counsel for the Corporation or relevant entity, or (iv) information or records given or reports made to
 
the Corporation or relevant
entity by an
 
independent certified public
 
accountant, or by
 
an appraiser or
 
other expert selected
 
with reasonable care
 
by the Corporation
or relevant entity. The provisions of
 
this Section 2(c) shall
 
not be deemed to
 
be exclusive or to
 
limit in any
 
way the other circumstances
in which Indemnitee may be deemed to have met the relevant standard of conduct
 
set forth in this Agreement.
(d)
Termination
 
of
 
Proceeding
 
Not
 
Determinative.
 
The
 
termination
 
of
 
a
 
Proceeding
 
by
 
judgment,
 
order,
settlement, or conviction,
 
or upon
 
a plea
 
of nolo
 
contendere or
 
its equivalent shall
 
not, of
 
itself, create a
 
presumption or be
 
determinative
that Indemnitee is not entitled to indemnification or reimbursement
 
of Expenses hereunder or otherwise.
(e)
Limits on Indemnification. Unless, and then only to the extent
 
that, a court of competent jurisdiction acting
pursuant to Section 6 of this Agreement or Section ###-###-####
 
of the Florida Business Corporation Act, determines that,
 
in view of the
circumstances
 
of
 
the
 
case,
 
Indemnitee
 
is
 
fairly
 
and
 
reasonably
 
entitled
 
to
 
indemnification,
 
the
 
Corporation
 
shall
 
not
 
indemnify
Indemnitee under this Agreement:
(1)
in
 
connection
 
with
 
a
 
Proceeding
 
by
 
or
 
in
 
the
 
right
 
of
 
the
 
Corporation,
 
except
 
for
 
reasonable
Expenses (including an
 
excise tax assessed
 
with respect to
 
an employee
 
benefit plan) and amounts
 
paid in settlement
 
not exceeding,
in the
 
judgment of
 
the Board,
 
the estimated
 
expense of
 
litigating the
 
Proceeding to
 
conclusion, actually
 
and reasonably
 
incurred in
connection with the defense or settlement of the Proceeding, including
 
any appeal thereof; or
(2)
in connection
 
with a
 
Proceeding by
 
or in
 
the right
 
of the
 
Corporation with
 
respect to
 
any claim,
issue or matter as to which Indemnitee shall have been adjudged liable to the Corporation.
(f)
Proceeding
 
Brought by
 
Indemnitee. Notwithstanding
 
any other
 
provision of
 
this Agreement,
 
Indemnitee
shall not
 
be entitled
 
to indemnification
 
or advancement
 
of Expenses
 
under this
 
Agreement with
 
respect to
 
any Proceeding
 
or claim
brought or
 
made by
 
Indemnitee against
 
the Corporation
 
or its
 
Directors, Officers,
 
employees or
 
other indemnitees,
 
other than
 
(i) a
Proceeding or claim seeking or defending Indemnitee’s right to indemnification
 
or advancement of Expenses pursuant to Section 6 of
this Agreement or otherwise, or (ii) a Proceeding authorized by the Board
 
prior to its initiation.
(g)
Settlements. The
 
Corporation acknowledges
 
that a settlement
 
or other disposition
 
short of final
 
judgment
may be successful if it
 
permits a party to avoid expense,
 
delay, distraction, disruption and uncertainty. In the event that any Proceeding
to which Indemnitee is a party is
 
resolved in any manner other than
 
by adverse judgment against Indemnitee
 
(including settlement of
such Proceeding with or
 
without payment of money
 
or other consideration) it
 
shall be presumed that
 
Indemnitee has been successful
on the merits or
 
otherwise in such
 
Proceeding. Anyone seeking
 
to overcome this presumption
 
shall have the burden
 
of proof and the
burden of persuasion by clear and convincing evidence.
(h)
Mandatory Indemnification.
 
The Corporation
 
shall indemnify
 
Indemnitee to
 
the extent
 
that he
 
or she
 
has
been wholly successful,
 
on the merits or
 
otherwise, in the
 
defense of any Proceeding
 
to which Indemnitee
 
was a party,
 
or in defense
of any claim, issue or matter, because Indemnitee is or was a Director or Officer, against reasonable Expenses incurred by Indemnitee
in connection with the Proceeding.
3.
Contribution.
(a)
Whether or not the indemnification provided hereunder is available, in respect of any Proceeding in which
the Corporation is
 
jointly liable with
 
Indemnitee (or would
 
be if joined
 
in such Proceeding),
 
the Corporation shall
 
pay the entire
 
amount
of
 
any
 
Expenses,
 
judgments,
 
penalties,
 
fines
 
or
 
amounts
 
paid
 
or
 
to
 
be
 
paid
 
in
 
settlement
 
of
 
such
 
Proceeding
 
without
 
requiring
Indemnitee to
 
contribute to such
 
payment and the
 
Corporation hereby
 
waives and relinquishes
 
any right of
 
contribution it may
 
have
against Indemnitee.
 
The Corporation
 
shall not enter
 
into any settlement
 
of any
 
Proceeding in
 
which the Corporation
 
is jointly liable
with Indemnitee
 
(or would be
 
if joined
 
in such Proceeding)
 
unless such
 
settlement provides
 
for a
 
full and
 
final release of
 
all claims
asserted against Indemnitee without any injunction or other equitable
 
relief being imposed against Indemnitee.
(b)
Without
 
diminishing
 
or
 
impairing
 
the
 
obligations
 
of
 
the
 
Corporation
 
set
 
forth
 
in
 
the
 
preceding
subparagraph, if, for
 
any reason, Indemnitee
 
shall elect or be
 
required to pay
 
all or any portion
 
of any judgment or
 
settlement in any
Proceeding in which the Corporation is
 
jointly liable with Indemnitee (or would
 
be if joined in such
 
Proceeding), the Corporation shall
contribute to the amount of Expenses, judgments, penalties, fines
 
and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred and
paid or payable by
 
Indemnitee in proportion to
 
the relative benefits received
 
by the Corporation and
 
all officers, directors or
 
employees
of the Corporation,
 
other than Indemnitee,
 
who are jointly
 
liable with Indemnitee
 
(or would be
 
if joined in
 
such Proceeding),
 
on the
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
one hand,
 
and Indemnitee,
 
on the
 
other hand,
 
from the
 
transaction from
 
which such
 
Proceeding arose;
 
provided, however,
 
that the
proportion determined on the basis of relative benefit may,
 
to the extent necessary to conform to law, be further adjusted by reference
to the relative fault
 
of the Corporation and
 
all officers, directors or employees
 
of the Corporation other than
 
Indemnitee who are jointly
liable with Indemnitee (or would
 
be if joined in such Proceeding),
 
on the one hand, and Indemnitee,
 
on the other hand, in connection
with
 
the
 
events
 
that
 
resulted
 
in
 
such
 
Expenses,
 
judgments,
 
penalties,
 
fines
 
or
 
settlement
 
amounts,
 
as
 
well
 
as
 
any
 
other
 
equitable
considerations which the Florida Business Corporation Act may require to be considered. The relative fault of the Corporation and all
officers,
 
directors
 
or employees
 
of the
 
Corporation,
 
other
 
than Indemnitee,
 
who are
 
jointly liable
 
with Indemnitee
 
(or would
 
be if
joined in
 
such Proceeding),
 
on the
 
one hand,
 
and Indemnitee,
 
on the
 
other hand,
 
shall be
 
determined
 
by reference
 
to, among
 
other
things,
 
the
 
degree
 
to
 
which
 
their
 
actions
 
were
 
motivated
 
by
 
intent
 
to
 
gain
 
personal
 
profit
 
or
 
advantage,
 
the
 
degree
 
to
 
which
 
their
liability is primary or secondary and the degree to which their conduct is active or
 
passive.
(c)
The Corporation hereby agrees
 
to indemnify and hold
 
harmless Indemnitee from any
 
claims of contribution
which may be
 
brought by officers,
 
directors or employees
 
of the Corporation,
 
other than Indemnitee,
 
who may be jointly
 
liable with
Indemnitee.
4.
Advances for Expenses.
(a)
Obligations and
 
Requirements. The
 
Corporation shall
 
advance, to
 
the extent not
 
prohibited by
 
applicable
law,
 
the Expenses
 
incurred by
 
or on
 
behalf of
 
Indemnitee in
 
connection with
 
any Proceeding,
 
and such
 
advancement shall
 
be made
within thirty
 
(30) days after
 
the receipt by
 
the Corporation
 
of any
 
statement requesting
 
such advances
 
(which shall include
 
invoices
received by Indemnitee in connection with such Expenses but,
 
in the case of invoices in connection with
 
legal services, any references
to legal work performed or to expenditures made that
 
would cause Indemnitee to waive any privilege accorded by
 
applicable law shall
not be included with the invoice) from time to time, whether
 
prior to or after final disposition of any Proceeding.
 
Any such statement
shall reasonably
 
evidence the
 
Expenses
 
incurred by
 
Indemnitee. Advances
 
shall be
 
unsecured
 
and interest
 
free.
 
Advances shall
 
be
made
 
without
 
regard
 
to
 
Indemnitee’s
 
ability
 
to
 
repay
 
the
 
expenses
 
and
 
without
 
regard
 
to
 
Indemnitee’s
 
ultimate
 
entitlement
 
to
indemnification
 
under
 
the
 
other
 
provisions
 
of
 
this
 
Agreement.
 
Advances
 
shall
 
include
 
any
 
and
 
all
 
reasonable
 
Expenses
 
incurred
pursuing
 
an
 
action
 
to
 
enforce
 
this
 
right
 
of
 
advancement,
 
including
 
Expenses
 
incurred
 
preparing
 
and
 
forwarding
 
statements
 
to
 
the
Corporation to support the
 
advances claimed. Indemnitee shall
 
qualify for advances upon
 
the execution and
 
delivery to the
 
Corporation
of this Agreement, subject to the condition that if and to the extent that it
 
is ultimately determined by a court of competent jurisdiction
in
 
a
 
final
 
judgment,
 
not
 
subject
 
to
 
appeal,
 
that
 
Indemnitee
 
is
 
not
 
entitled
 
to
 
be
 
indemnified
 
by
 
the
 
Corporation,
 
Indemnitee
 
shall
undertake to
 
the fullest
 
extent permitted
 
by law
 
to repay
 
the advance.
 
Such undertaking
 
shall be
 
an unlimited
 
general obligation
 
of
Indemnitee but need not be secured and shall be accepted without
 
reference to Indemnitee’s financial
 
ability to make repayment. The
right
 
to
 
advances
 
under
 
this Section
 
4
 
shall
 
in
 
all
 
events
 
continue
 
until
 
final
 
disposition
 
of
 
any
 
Proceeding,
 
including
 
any
 
appeal
thereof.
(b)
Evaluation of Reasonableness
 
of Expenses. Evaluation
 
as to reasonableness of
 
Expenses of Indemnitee
 
in
the specific case shall be made in the same manner as the determination
 
that indemnification is permissible, as described in Section 5
below,
 
except that if
 
the determination is
 
made by Independent
 
Legal Counsel, evaluation
 
as to reasonableness
 
of Expenses shall
 
be
made
 
by
 
those
 
entitled
 
under
 
Section
 
5(c)(3)
 
to
 
select
 
Independent
 
Legal
 
Counsel.
 
Notwithstanding
 
the
 
foregoing
 
sentence,
 
any
Expenses claimed by Indemnitee
 
shall be deemed
 
reasonable if the Reviewing
 
Party fails to
 
make the reasonableness evaluation within
thirty (30) days following the Corporation’s
 
receipt of invoices for specific Expenses to be reimbursed or advanced.
5.
Authorization of and Determination of Entitlement to Indemnification
 
.
(a)
Entitlement
 
Determination.
 
The
 
Corporation
 
and
 
Indemnitee
 
acknowledge
 
that
 
indemnification
 
of
Indemnitee
 
under
 
Section
 
2
 
of
 
this
 
Agreement
 
has
 
been
 
pre-authorized
 
by
 
the
 
Corporation
 
as
 
permitted
 
by
 
the
 
Florida
 
Business
Corporation Act.
 
Nevertheless, the
 
Corporation shall
 
not indemnify
 
Indemnitee under
 
Section 2 unless
 
a separate determination
 
has
been made in the specific case that indemnification of Indemnitee is permissible in the circumstances because Indemnitee has met the
relevant standard of conduct set forth in Section 2(a);
 
provided, however, that: (i) no
 
such entitlement decision need be made prior to
the advancement of
 
Expenses; and (ii) regardless
 
of the result or
 
absence of any such
 
determination, the Corporation
 
shall make any
indemnification mandated by Section 2(h) above.
(b)
Request for Indemnification or Advance. To
 
obtain indemnification (including advancement of Expenses)
under this Agreement, Indemnitee
 
shall submit to the
 
Corporation a written request,
 
including therein or therewith
 
such documentation
and
 
information
 
as
 
is
 
reasonably
 
available
 
to
 
Indemnitee
 
and
 
is
 
reasonably
 
necessary
 
to
 
determine
 
whether
 
and
 
to
 
what
 
extent
Indemnitee
 
is
 
entitled
 
to
 
indemnification.
 
The
 
Secretary
 
of
 
the
 
Corporation
 
shall,
 
promptly
 
upon
 
receipt
 
of
 
such
 
a
 
request
 
for
indemnification, advise the Board in writing that Indemnitee has requested
 
indemnification.
(c)
Reviewing Party. The
 
determination referred to in Section 5(a) shall be made, at the election of the Board,
by any of
 
the following Reviewing
 
Parties (unless a
 
Change in Control
 
shall have occurred
 
after Indemnitee first
 
began serving
 
as a
Director or Officer, in which case Indemnitee shall be entitled to designate that the determination shall be made by Independent Legal
Counsel selected in the manner set forth in Section 5(d) below):
(1)
If
 
there
 
are
 
two
 
or
 
more
 
Disinterested
 
Directors,
 
by
 
the
 
Board
 
by
 
majority
 
vote
 
of
 
all
 
of
 
the
Disinterested Directors, a majority of whom shall for such purposes constitute
 
a quorum; or
 
 
 
(2)
by a
 
majority vote
 
of a
 
committee consisting
 
of two
 
or more
 
Disinterested Directors
 
designated
by the Board pursuant to a vote in accordance with Section 5(c)(1);
 
or
(3)
by Independent
 
Legal Counsel:
 
(A) Selected
 
in the manner
 
prescribed in
 
paragraph (1)
 
or (2)
 
of
this Section 5(c); or (B) if
 
there are fewer than two (2)
 
Disinterested Directors,
 
selected by the Board, in which
 
selection directors who
do not qualify as Disinterested Directors may participate; or
(4)
by the shareholders of the Corporation, by a majority vote of a quorum consisting of shareholders
who were not Parties to
 
that Proceeding or,
 
if no such quorum is obtainable,
 
by a majority vote of shareholders
 
who were not Parties
to that Proceeding.
(d)
Selection
 
of
 
Counsel
 
after
 
Change
 
in
 
Control.
 
If
 
a
 
Change
 
in
 
Control
 
shall
 
have
 
occurred,
 
Independent
Legal
 
Counsel
 
shall
 
be
 
selected
 
by
 
Indemnitee
 
(unless
 
Indemnitee
 
requests
 
that
 
the
 
selection
 
be
 
made
 
in
 
the
 
manner
 
described
 
in
Section
 
5(c)(3)),
 
and
 
Indemnitee
 
shall
 
give
 
written
 
notice
 
to
 
the
 
Corporation
 
advising
 
it
 
of
 
the
 
identity
 
of
 
the
 
Independent
 
Legal
Counsel so selected. In either event, Indemnitee or the Corporation, as the case may be, may, within fifteen (15) days after the written
notice of selection has been given, deliver to the Corporation
 
or to Indemnitee, as the case may be, a written
 
objection to the selection;
provided, however, that the objection may
 
be asserted only on the ground that the counsel so selected does not meet the requirements
of “Independent Legal Counsel” as
 
defined in Section 1 of this Agreement.
 
The objection shall set forth with
 
particularity the factual
basis of
 
the assertion. If
 
a written objection
 
is made
 
and substantiated, the
 
counsel selected may
 
not serve as
 
Independent Legal Counsel
unless and until
 
the objection is
 
withdrawn or
 
a court has
 
determined that
 
the objection is
 
without merit.
 
If, within
 
fifteen (15) days
after submission by
 
Indemnitee of a written
 
request for indemnification,
 
no Independent Legal
 
Counsel shall have been
 
selected and
not objected to, either the Corporation or Indemnitee may petition the court conducting the Proceeding, or another court of competent
jurisdiction,
 
for resolution
 
of any
 
objection that
 
shall have
 
been made
 
by the
 
Corporation or
 
Indemnitee to
 
the other’s
 
selection of
Independent Legal Counsel and/or
 
for the appointment as Independent
 
Legal Counsel of a person
 
selected by the court or by
 
another
person that
 
the court
 
shall designate,
 
and the
 
person with
 
respect to
 
whom all
 
objections are
 
so resolved
 
or the
 
person so
 
appointed
shall act as Independent Legal Counsel under Section 5(c).
(e)
Cooperation
 
by
 
Indemnitee.
 
Indemnitee
 
shall
 
cooperate
 
with
 
the
 
Reviewing
 
Party
 
with
 
respect
 
to
 
its
determination
 
of
 
Indemnitee’s
 
entitlement
 
to
 
indemnification,
 
including
 
providing
 
to
 
the
 
Reviewing
 
Party
 
on
 
reasonable
 
advance
request
 
any documentation
 
or information
 
which
 
is not
 
privileged
 
or otherwise
 
protected
 
from disclosure
 
and
 
which is
 
reasonably
available to Indemnitee and
 
reasonably necessary to the determination.
 
Any Expenses incurred by Indemnitee
 
in so cooperating with
the
 
Reviewing
 
Party
 
shall
 
be
 
borne
 
by
 
the
 
Corporation,
 
regardless
 
of
 
the
 
determination
 
as
 
to
 
Indemnitee’s
 
entitlement
 
to
indemnification.
(f)
If
 
the
 
Reviewing
 
Party
 
shall
 
not
 
have
 
made
 
a
 
determination
 
within
 
sixty
 
(60)
 
days
 
after
 
receipt
 
by
 
the
Corporation of the request
 
therefor, the
 
requisite determination of entitlement
 
to indemnification shall be deemed
 
to have been made
and Indemnitee shall be entitled to such indemnification
 
absent (i) a misstatement by Indemnitee of a material
 
fact, or an omission of
a material fact
 
necessary to make
 
Indemnitee’s statement not materially misleading, in
 
connection with the
 
request for indemnification,
or (ii)
 
a prohibition
 
of such
 
indemnification under
 
applicable law;
 
provided, however,
 
that (x)
 
such 60-day
 
period may
 
be extended
for a reasonable time,
 
not to exceed an
 
additional thirty (30) days,
 
if the Reviewing Party
 
in good faith requires
 
such additional time
to obtain or evaluate documentation and/or information relating thereto; and (y) that the foregoing provisions of this Section 5(f) shall
not apply
 
if the determination
 
of entitlement
 
to indemnification
 
is to be
 
made by
 
the shareholders
 
pursuant to Section
 
5(c)(4) and if
(A)
 
within
 
fifteen
 
(15)
 
days after
 
receipt
 
by
 
the Corporation
 
of
 
the request
 
for
 
such determination,
 
the Board
 
or
 
the Disinterested
Directors, if appropriate, resolve to submit such determination to the shareholders for their consideration at an annual meeting thereof
to
 
be
 
held
 
within
 
seventy-five
 
(75)
 
days
 
after
 
such
 
receipt
 
and
 
such
 
determination
 
is
 
made
 
thereat,
 
or
 
(B)
 
a
 
special
 
meeting
 
of
shareholders is
 
called within fifteen
 
(15) days after
 
such receipt for
 
the purpose of
 
making such determination,
 
such meeting is
 
held
for such purpose within sixty (60) days after having been so called and
 
such determination is made thereat.
(g)
Other.
(i)
In making a
 
determination with respect
 
to entitlement
 
to indemnification hereunder, the
 
Reviewing
Party
 
shall
 
presume
 
that
 
Indemnitee
 
is
 
entitled
 
to
 
indemnification
 
under
 
this
 
Agreement,
 
and
 
anyone
 
seeking
 
to
 
overcome
 
this
presumption shall have the burden
 
of proof and the burden of
 
persuasion by clear and convincing
 
evidence. Neither the failure of the
Corporation (including
 
by its directors
 
or Independent
 
Legal Counsel)
 
to have made
 
a determination
 
prior to
 
the commencement
 
of
any action pursuant to this
 
Agreement that indemnification is proper
 
in the circumstances because Indemnitee
 
has met the applicable
standard of
 
conduct, nor
 
an actual
 
determination by
 
the Corporation
 
(including by
 
its directors
 
or Independent
 
Legal Counsel)
 
that
Indemnitee has
 
not met
 
such applicable
 
standard of
 
conduct, shall
 
create a
 
presumption that
 
Indemnitee has
 
not met
 
the applicable
standard of conduct.
(ii)
The
 
Reviewing
 
Party,
 
however
 
chosen,
 
shall
 
make
 
the
 
requested determination
 
as promptly
 
as
reasonably practicable after a request for indemnification is presented.
(iii)
Any determination
 
by Independent
 
Legal Counsel
 
under this
 
Section 5
 
shall be
 
delivered in
 
the
form of a written opinion to the Board with a copy to Indemnitee.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(iv)
The Corporation shall pay any
 
and all reasonable fees and
 
expenses of Independent Legal Counsel
incurred by
 
the counsel
 
in connection
 
with acting
 
pursuant to
 
this Section
 
5, and
 
the Corporation
 
shall pay
 
all reasonable
 
fees and
expenses incident to the procedures of this Section 5, regardless of
 
the manner in which such Independent Legal Counsel was selected
or appointed.
(v)
On
 
the
 
due
 
commencement
 
of
 
any
 
action
 
to
 
seek
 
court-ordered
 
indemnification
 
pursuant
 
to
Section 6 of this Agreement, Independent
 
Legal Counsel shall be discharged and relieved
 
of any further responsibility in that
 
capacity,
subject to the applicable standards of professional conduct then prevailing.
6.
Court-Ordered Indemnification and Advances for Expenses.
(a)
Procedure. If Indemnitee is
 
a party to
 
a Proceeding, he
 
or she may
 
apply for indemnification
 
or for advances
for Expenses to the court conducting the Proceeding
 
or to another court of competent jurisdiction. For
 
purposes of this Agreement, the
Corporation consents to personal jurisdiction and venue in any court in which is pending a Proceeding to which Indemnitee is a party.
Regardless
 
of
 
any
 
determination
 
by
 
the
 
Reviewing
 
Party
 
that
 
Indemnitee
 
is
 
not
 
entitled
 
to
 
indemnification
 
or
 
to
 
advancement
 
of
Expenses or as to the reasonableness of Expenses, and regardless of any failure by the Reviewing Party to make a determination as to
the entitlement
 
or the
 
reasonableness of
 
Expenses, the
 
court’s
 
review shall
 
be a
 
de novo
 
review.
 
After receipt
 
of an
 
application and
after giving any notice it considers necessary,
 
the court may:
(1)
order indemnification
 
or the
 
advance for
 
Expenses if
 
it determines
 
that Indemnitee
 
is entitled
 
to
indemnification or to advance for Expenses under this Agreement, the
 
Florida Business Corporation Act or otherwise; or
(2)
order indemnification or the advance for Expenses if it determines that, in view of all the relevant
circumstances,
 
it
 
is
 
fair
 
and
 
reasonable
 
to
 
indemnify
 
Indemnitee,
 
or
 
to
 
advance
 
Expenses
 
to
 
Indemnitee,
 
regardless
 
of
 
whether
Indemnitee
 
has the
 
relevant
 
standard of
 
conduct, complied
 
with the
 
requirements
 
for
 
advancement
 
of Expenses,
 
or been
 
adjudged
liable in a Proceeding referred to in Section 2(e) above
 
(in which case any court-ordered indemnification may be subject to limitations
under the Florida Business Corporation Act).
(b)
Payment of
 
Expenses to
 
Seek Court-Ordered
 
Indemnification.
 
If the
 
court determines
 
that Indemnitee
 
is
entitled
 
to
 
indemnification
 
or to
 
advance
 
for
 
Expenses,
 
the
 
Corporation
 
shall
 
pay
 
Indemnitee’s
 
reasonable
 
Expenses
 
to
 
obtain
 
the
court-ordered indemnification or advance for Expenses.
7.
Limitations on Indemnification. Regardless of whether
 
Indemnitee has met the
 
relevant standard of conduct
 
set forth
in Section 2(a), nothing in
 
this Agreement shall require or
 
permit indemnification of Indemnitee for any
 
Liability or Expenses incurred
in a Proceeding in which a judgment or other
 
final adjudication establishes that Indemnitee’s actions or omissions to act were material
to the cause of action so adjudicated and constitute:
(a)
a violation of criminal
 
law, unless Indemnitee had reasonable
 
cause to believe
 
his or her
 
conduct was lawful
or had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful;
(b)
a transaction
 
from which
 
Indemnitee derived
 
an improper
 
personal benefit,
 
including, without
 
limitation,
any benefits received through the
 
purchase and sale by
 
Indemnitee of securities of
 
the Corporation within the
 
meaning of Section 16(b)
of the Securities
 
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or similar provisions of state statutory law or
 
common law;
(c)
in the
 
case of
 
a Director,
 
a circumstance
 
under which
 
the liability
 
provisions of
 
Section ###-###-####
 
of the
Florida Business Corporation Act are applicable; or
(d)
willful
 
or
 
intentional
 
misconduct
 
or
 
a
 
conscious
 
disregard
 
for
 
the
 
best
 
interests
 
of
 
the
 
Corporation
 
in
 
a
Proceeding by or in the right of
 
the Corporation to procure a judgment in
 
its favor or in a Proceeding
 
by or in the right of
 
a shareholder
of the Corporation.
8.
Vested
 
Rights; Specific Performance. No amendment to the Articles of Incorporation
 
or Bylaws of the Corporation
or any
 
other corporate
 
action shall
 
in any
 
way limit
 
Indemnitee’s
 
rights under
 
this Agreement.
 
In any
 
Proceeding brought
 
by or
 
on
behalf of
 
Indemnitee
 
to specifically
 
enforce
 
the provisions
 
of this
 
Agreement,
 
the Corporation
 
waives the
 
claim or
 
defense in
 
that
Proceeding that the plaintiff or claimant has an adequate remedy at law, and the Corporation shall not urge in any such Proceeding the
claim or defense that an adequate
 
remedy at law exists. The provisions
 
of this Section 8, however,
 
shall not prevent Indemnitee from
seeking a remedy at law in connection with any breach of this Agreement.
9.
Liability Insurance. To
 
the extent the Corporation
 
maintains an insurance policy
 
or policies providing directors’
 
or
officers’ liability
 
insurance, Indemnitee shall
 
be covered by that
 
policy or those
 
policies, in accordance
 
with its or their
 
terms, to the
maximum
 
extent
 
of
 
the
 
coverage
 
provided
 
under
 
that
 
policy
 
or
 
those
 
policies
 
in
 
effect
 
for
 
any
 
other
 
Director
 
or
 
Officer
 
of
 
the
Corporation, as the case may be.
10.
Witness Fees. Notwithstanding any
 
other provision in
 
this Agreement, to
 
the extent
 
that Indemnitee is
 
made a witness
in
 
any
 
Proceeding
 
to
 
which
 
Indemnitee
 
is
 
not
 
a
 
party,
 
because
 
he
 
or
 
she
 
is
 
or
 
was
 
a
 
Director
 
or
 
Officer,
 
the
 
Corporation
 
hereby
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
indemnifies and holds
 
harmless Indemnitee against
 
all Expenses actually
 
and reasonably incurred
 
by Indemnitee or
 
on Indemnitee’s
behalf in connection therewith.
11.
Security for Indemnification
 
Obligations. The Corporation
 
may at any time
 
and in any manner,
 
at the discretion of
the Board, secure the Corporation’s
 
obligations to indemnify or advance Expenses to Indemnitee pursuant to this Agreement.
12.
Non-exclusivity,
 
No Duplication of
 
Payments. The rights
 
of Indemnitee under
 
this Agreement shall
 
be in addition
to any other
 
rights with respect
 
to indemnification, advancement of
 
Expenses or otherwise
 
that Indemnitee may have
 
under the Articles
of Incorporation or Bylaws,
 
the Florida Business Corporation
 
Act or otherwise; provided,
 
however, that
 
the Corporation shall not
 
be
liable under this Agreement to make any payment to
 
Indemnitee under this Agreement to the extent Indemnitee has
 
otherwise actually
received
 
payment (under
 
any insurance
 
policy,
 
provision
 
of the
 
Articles of
 
Incorporation
 
or Bylaws,
 
or otherwise)
 
of the
 
amounts
otherwise payable
 
under this
 
Agreement.
 
The Corporation’s
 
obligation
 
to indemnify
 
or advance
 
expenses under
 
this Agreement
 
to
Indemnitee who
 
is or
 
was serving
 
at the
 
request of
 
the Corporation
 
as a
 
director,
 
officer,
 
partner,
 
trustee, employee
 
or agent
 
of any
other entity
 
shall be
 
reduced by
 
any amount
 
Indemnitee has
 
actually received
 
as indemnification
 
or advancement
 
of expenses
 
from
that other entity.
13.
Amendments.
 
To the
 
extent that the provisions of this
 
Agreement are held to be inconsistent
 
with the provisions of
the Florida Business Corporation Act
 
(including Section ###-###-####(1) thereof), the provisions
 
of that statute shall
 
govern. To the extent
that the Florida Business Corporation Act is later amended to permit a Florida corporation, without the need for shareholder approval,
to provide
 
to its
 
directors
 
greater rights
 
to indemnification
 
or advancement
 
of Expenses
 
than
 
those specifically
 
set forth
 
here,
 
this
Agreement shall be deemed
 
amended to require the greater
 
indemnification or more liberal
 
advancement of Expenses to
 
Indemnitee,
in
 
each
 
case
 
consistent
 
with
 
the
 
Florida
 
Business
 
Corporation
 
Act
 
as
 
so
 
amended
 
from
 
time
 
to
 
time.
 
Otherwise,
 
no
 
supplement,
modification or amendment of this Agreement shall be binding unless executed
 
in writing by the Corporation and Indemnitee.
14.
Subrogation. In the event of payment
 
under this Agreement, the Corporation shall be
 
subrogated to the extent of that
payment
 
to all
 
of the
 
rights of
 
recovery
 
of Indemnitee,
 
who shall
 
execute
 
all papers
 
required
 
and
 
shall do
 
everything that
 
may
 
be
necessary to secure those rights, including the execution of documents necessary to enable the Corporation effectively
 
to bring suit to
enforce those rights; provided, however, that any rights of recovery of Indemnitee pursuant to
 
any liability insurance policy separately
paid for by Indemnitee shall not be subject to subrogation under this Section
 
14 except that any amounts recovered under such policy
shall be subject to Section 12 hereof.
15.
Waiver.
 
No waiver of
 
any of the
 
provisions of
 
this Agreement shall
 
be deemed or
 
shall constitute a
 
waiver of
 
any
other provisions of this Agreement (whether or not similar) nor shall such
 
a waiver constitute a continuing waiver.
16.
Binding Effect, Etc. This Agreement shall be binding
 
on and inure to the
 
benefit of and be enforceable by
 
the parties
to this Agreement and their respective successors or assigns (including any direct or indirect successor or assign by purchase, merger,
consolidation or otherwise to all or substantially all of the business and/or assets of the Corporation), spouses, heirs, and personal and
legal representatives.
17.
Applicability
 
of
 
Agreement.
 
This
 
Agreement
 
shall
 
apply
 
retroactively
 
with
 
respect
 
to
 
acts
 
or
 
omissions
 
of
Indemnitee occurring
 
since the
 
date that
 
Indemnitee first
 
became a
 
Director or
 
Officer,
 
and this
 
Agreement shall
 
continue in
 
effect
regardless of whether
 
Indemnitee continues to
 
serve as a Director
 
or Officer,
 
but only in respect
 
of acts or omissions
 
occurring prior
to the termination of Indemnitee’s service
 
as a Director or Officer.
18.
Severability.
 
If any provision
 
or provisions
 
of this Agreement
 
shall be held
 
to be invalid,
 
illegal, or unenforceable
for any reason whatsoever:
(a)
the validity,
 
legality, and
 
enforceability of the remaining
 
provisions of this Agreement
 
(including without
limitation, each portion
 
of any Section of
 
this Agreement containing
 
any such provision held
 
to be invalid,
 
illegal, or unenforceable,
that is not itself invalid, illegal, or unenforceable) shall not in any way be affected
 
or impaired by it;
(b)
the provision or provisions shall be deemed reformed
 
to the extent necessary to conform to applicable law
and to give the maximum effect to the intent of the parties to this Agreement;
 
and
(c)
to the fullest extent possible, the
 
provisions of this Agreement (including,
 
without limitation, each portion
of any Section of this Agreement containing any
 
provision held to be invalid, illegal,
 
or unenforceable, that is not itself invalid,
 
illegal,
or unenforceable) shall be construed so as to give effect to the intent
 
manifested by it.
19.
Governing Law.
 
This Agreement shall
 
be governed by
 
and construed and
 
enforced in accordance
 
with the laws
 
of
the State of Florida applicable
 
to contracts made and to
 
be performed in Florida without giving
 
effect to the principles of conflicts
 
of
laws.
20.
Headings. The headings of
 
the Sections of this
 
Agreement are inserted for
 
convenience only and shall
 
not be deemed
to constitute part of this Agreement or to affect the construction
 
of this Agreement.
 
 
 
21.
Inducement. The Corporation expressly confirms and agrees that
 
it has entered into this
 
Agreement and assumed the
obligations imposed on it
 
under this Agreement
 
in order to
 
induce Indemnitee to
 
serve or continue to
 
serve as a
 
Director and/or Officer,
and the Corporation acknowledges that Indemnitee is relying on this Agreement in serving as a director, officer, employee or agent of
the Corporation or,
 
at the request
 
of the Corporation,
 
as a director,
 
officer,
 
partner, trustee,
 
employee, or agent
 
of another foreign
 
or
domestic corporation, partnership, limited liability company,
 
joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other entity.
22.
Notice by Indemnitee. Indemnitee agrees promptly to notify the Corporation
 
in writing upon being served with any
summons, citation, subpoena, complaint, indictment, information,
 
or other document relating to any Proceeding or matter which
 
may
be subject to
 
indemnification or advancement
 
of Expenses covered
 
under this Agreement.
 
The failure of
 
Indemnitee so to
 
notify the
Corporation shall not relieve the Corporation of any obligation that it may have
 
to Indemnitee under this Agreement or otherwise.
23.
Notices. All
 
notices, requests,
 
demands,
 
and other
 
communications under
 
this Agreement
 
shall be
 
in writing
 
and
shall
 
be
 
deemed
 
to
 
have
 
been
 
duly
 
given
 
if:
 
(i)
 
delivered
 
by
 
hand
 
and
 
receipted
 
for
 
by
 
the
 
party
 
to
 
whom
 
the
 
notice
 
or
 
other
communication shall have been
 
directed; or (ii) mailed by certified
 
or registered mail with postage
 
prepaid, on the third business day
after the date on
 
which it is so
 
mailed if to
 
the Corporation, to the
 
principal office address
 
of the Corporation,
 
or if to Indemnitee,
 
to
the address of Indemnitee last on file with the Corporation, or to any other address that may have been furnished to Indemnitee by the
Corporation or to the Corporation by Indemnitee, as the case may be.
The parties hereto have entered into this Agreement effective as of
 
the date first above written.
The Corporation:
LESAKA TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
By:
 
____________________________________
Title:
 
____________________________________
Indemnitee:
__________________________________________
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