Amended and Restated Bylaws of the registrant dated November 10, 2008

 

 

1.1.           Registered Office.  The registered office of Marshall Holdings International, Inc. (the “Company”) required by Section 78.035 of the Nevada Revised Statutes or any successor statute (the “NRS”) to be maintained in the State of Nevada shall be the registered office named in the Articles of Incorporation of the Company, as they may be amended or restated from time to time in accordance with the NRS (the “Articles of Incorporation”).

1.2.           Other Offices.  The Company may also have offices at such other places both within and without the State of Nevada as the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board of Directors”) may determine from time to time or as the business of the Company may require.

2.1.           Place of Meetings.  Meetings of the Company’s stockholders shall be held at such place within or without the State of Nevada as may be designated by the Board of Directors or the officer calling the meeting, or, in the absence of such designation, at the principal office of the Company.

2.2.           Annual Meeting.  An annual meeting of the stockholders, for the election of directors to succeed those whose terms expire or to fill vacancies and for the transaction of such other business as may properly come before the meeting, shall be held on such date and at such time as the Board of Directors shall fix and set forth in the notice of the meeting, which date shall be within 13 months subsequent to the last annual meeting of stockholders.  At the annual meeting of the stockholders, only such business shall be conducted as shall have been properly brought before the annual meeting as set forth in Paragraph 2.8 hereof.  Failure to hold the annual meeting at the designated time shall not work a dissolution of the Company.

2.3.           Special Meetings.  Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of the Company’s preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Preferred Stock”), as designated in any resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors and filed with the State of Nevada (a “Preferred Stock Designation”), special meetings of the stockholders may be called at any time by those persons set forth in the Articles of Incorporation.  Upon written request of any person or persons who have duly called a special meeting, it shall be the duty of the Secretary to fix the date of the meeting to be held not less than 10 nor more than 60 days after the receipt of the request and to give due notice thereof, as required by the NRS.  If the Secretary shall neglect or refuse to fix the date of the meeting and give notice thereof, the person or persons calling the meeting may do so.

2.4.           Notice of Meeting.  Written or printed notice of all meetings, stating the place, day and hour of the meeting and the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called, shall be delivered not less than 10 nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting, either personally or by mail, by or at the direction of the Chairman of the Board or Secretary, to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting.  If mailed, such notice shall be deemed to be delivered to a stockholder when deposited in the United States mail addressed to such stockholder at such stockholder’s address as it appears on the stock transfer records of the Company, with postage thereon prepaid.

2.5.           Registered Holders of Shares; Closing of Share Transfer Records; and Record Date.

(a)            Registered Holders as Owners.  Unless otherwise provided under the NRS, the Company may regard the person in whose name any shares are registered in the stock transfer records of the Company at any particular time (including, without limitation, as of a record date fixed pursuant to subparagraph (b) of this Paragraph 2.5) as the owner of such shares at that time for purposes of voting, receiving distributions thereon or notices in respect thereof, transferring such shares, exercising rights of dissent with respect to such shares, entering into agreements with respect to such shares, or giving proxies with respect to such shares; and neither the Company nor any of its officers, directors, employees or agents shall be liable for regarding that person as the owner of such shares at that time for those purposes, regardless of whether that person possesses a certificate for such shares.

(b)            Record Date.  For the purpose of determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, or entitled to receive a distribution by the Company (other than a distribution involving a purchase or redemption by the Company of any of its own shares) or a share dividend, or in order to make a determination of stockholders for any other proper purpose, the Board of Directors may fix in advance a date as the record date for any such determination of stockholders, such date in any case to be not more than 60 days and, in the case of a meeting of stockholders, not less than 10 days, prior to the date on which the particular action requiring such determination of stockholders is to be taken.  The Board of Directors shall not close the books of the Company against transfers of shares during the whole or any part of such period.

If the Board of Directors does not fix a record date for any meeting of the stockholders, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at such meeting shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if in accordance with Paragraph 7.3 of these Bylaws notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held.

2.6.           Quorum of Stockholders; Adjournment.  Unless otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation, a majority of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company entitled to vote, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at any meeting of the stockholders, and the stockholders present at any duly convened meeting may continue to do business until adjournment notwithstanding any withdrawal from the meeting of holders of shares counted in determining the existence of a quorum.  Unless otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws, any meeting of the stockholders may be adjourned from time to time by the chairman of the meeting or the holders of a majority of the issued and outstanding stock, present in person or represented by proxy, whether or not a quorum is present, without notice other than by announcement at the meeting at which such adjournment is taken, and at any such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be present any action may be taken that could have been taken at the meeting originally called; provided that if the adjournment is for more than 30 days, or if after the adjournment a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting.

2.7.           Voting by Stockholders.

(a)            Voting on Matters Other than the Election of Directors.  With respect to any matters as to which no other voting requirement is specified by the NRS, the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws, and, subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors under specific circumstances, the affirmative vote required for stockholder action shall be that of a majority of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting (as counted for purposes of determining the existence of a quorum at the meeting).  In the case of a matter submitted for a vote of the stockholders as to which a stockholder approval requirement is applicable under the stockholder approval policy of any stock exchange or quotation system on which the capital stock of the Company is traded or quoted, the requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or any provision of the Internal Revenue Code, in each case for which no higher voting requirement is specified by the NRS, the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws, the vote required for approval shall be the requisite vote specified in such stockholder approval policy, the Exchange Act or Internal Revenue Code provision, as the case may be (or the highest such requirement if more than one is applicable).

(b)            Voting in the Election of Directors.  Unless otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws in accordance with the NRS, directors shall be elected by a plurality of the votes cast by the holders of outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company entitled to vote in the election of directors at a meeting of stockholders at which a quorum is present.

(c)            Consents in Lieu of Meeting.  Any action that is required or permitted to be taken by the stockholders of the Company at any annual or special meeting of stockholders may be effected by the written consent of stockholders in lieu of a meeting pursuant to the provisions of the NRS.

(d)            Other.  The Board of Directors, in its discretion, or the officer of the Company presiding at a meeting of stockholders of the Company, in his discretion, may require that any votes cast at such meeting shall be cast by written ballot.

2.8.           Business to be Conducted at Annual or Special Stockholder Meetings. At any annual or special meeting of stockholders, only such business shall be conducted, and only such proposals shall be acted upon, as shall have been disclosed in the notice delivered to the stockholders with respect to such meeting.

2.9.           Proxies.  Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of stockholders may authorize another person or persons to act for him by proxy.  Proxies for use at any meeting of stockholders shall be filed with the Secretary, or such other officer as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine by resolution, before or at the time of the meeting.  All proxies shall be received and taken charge of and all ballots shall be received and canvassed by the secretary of the meeting who shall decide all questions relating to the qualification of voters, the validity of the proxies, and the acceptance or rejection of votes, unless an inspector or inspectors shall have been appointed by the chairman of the meeting, in which event such inspector or inspectors shall decide all such questions.

2.10.         Approval or Ratification of Acts or Contracts by Stockholders.  The Board of Directors in its discretion may submit any act or contract for approval or ratification at any annual meeting of the stockholders, or at any special meeting of the stockholders called for the purpose of considering any such act or contract, and any act or contract that shall be approved or be ratified by the vote of the stockholders holding a majority of the issued and outstanding shares of stock of the Company entitled to vote and present in person or by proxy at such meeting (provided that a quorum is present), shall be as valid and as binding upon the Company and upon all the stockholders as if it has been approved or ratified by every stockholder of the Company.

2.11.         Inspectors of Election.  The Company shall, in advance of any meeting of stockholders, appoint one or more inspectors of election, who may be employees of the Company, to act at the meeting or any adjournment thereof and to make a written report thereof.  The Company may designate one or more persons as alternate inspectors to replace any inspector who fails to act.  If no inspector so appointed or designated is able to act at a meeting of stockholders, the chairman or the person presiding at the meeting shall appoint one or more inspectors to act at the meeting.  Each inspector, before entering upon the discharge of his duties, shall take and sign an oath to execute faithfully the duties of inspector with strict impartiality and according to the best of his ability.

The inspector or inspectors so appointed or designated shall: (a) ascertain the number of shares of capital stock of the Company outstanding and the voting power of each such share; (b) determine the shares of capital stock of the Company represented at the meeting and the validity of proxies and ballots; (c) count all votes and ballots; (d) determine and retain for a reasonable period a record of the disposition of any challenges made to any determination by the inspectors; and (e) certify their determination of the number of shares of the capital stock of the Company represented at the meeting and such inspectors’ count of all votes and ballots.  Such certification and report shall specify such other information as may be required by law.  In determining the validity and counting of proxies and ballots cast at any meeting of stockholders of the Company, the inspectors may consider such information as is permitted by applicable law.  No person who is a candidate for an office at an election may serve as an inspector at such election.

3.1.           Powers, Number, Classification and Tenure.

(a)            The powers of the Company shall be exercised by or under the authority of, and the business and affairs of the Company shall be managed under the direction of, the Board of Directors.  Each director shall hold office for the full term for which such director is elected and until such director’s successor shall have been duly elected and qualified or until his earlier death or resignation or removal in accordance with the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws.

(b)            Within the limits specified in the Articles of Incorporation, and subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors under specific circumstances, the number of directors that shall constitute the whole Board of Directors shall be fixed by, and may be increased or decreased from time to time by, the affirmative vote of a majority of the members at any time constituting the Board of Directors.  Except as provided in the Articles of Incorporation, and subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors under specific circumstances, newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the number of directors and any vacancies on the Board of Directors resulting from death, resignation, disqualification, removal or other cause shall be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors then in office, even though less than a quorum of the Board of Directors.  Any director elected in accordance with the preceding sentence shall hold office for the remainder of the full term of the class of directors in which the new directorship was created or the vacancy occurred and until such director’s successor shall have been elected and qualified or until his earlier death, resignation or removal.  No decrease in the number of directors constituting the Board of Directors shall shorten the term of any incumbent director.

3.2.           Qualifications.  Directors need not be residents of the State of Nevada or stockholders of the Company.

3.3.           Place of Meeting; Order of Business.  Except as otherwise provided by law, meetings of the Board of Directors, regular or special, may be held either within or without the State of Nevada, at whatever place is specified by the person or persons calling the meeting.  In the absence of specific designation, the meetings shall be held at the principal office of the Company.  At all meetings of the Board of Directors, business shall be transacted in such order as shall from time to time be determined by the Chairman of the Board, or in his absence by the President, or by resolution of the Board of Directors.

3.4.           Regular Meetings.  Regular meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held, in each case, at such hour and on such day as may be fixed by resolution of the Board of Directors, without further notice of such meetings.  The time or place of holding regular meetings of the Board of Directors may be changed by the Chairman of the Board by giving written notice thereof as provided in Paragraph 3.6 hereof.

3.5.           Special Meetings.  Special meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held, whenever called by the Chairman of the Board or by resolution adopted by the Board of Directors, in each case, at such hour and on such day as may be stated in the notice of the meeting.

3.6.           Attendance at and Notice of Meetings.  Written notice of the time and place of, and general nature of the business to be transacted at, all special meetings of the Board of Directors, and written notice of any change in the time or place of holding the regular meetings of the Board of Directors, shall be given to each director personally or by mail or by telegraph, telecopier or similar communication at least one day before the day of the meeting; provided, however, that notice of any meeting need not be given to any director if waived by him in writing, or if he shall be present at such meeting.  Participation in a meeting of the Board of Directors shall constitute presence in person at such meeting, except where a person participates in the meeting for the express purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business on the ground that the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.

3.7.           Quorum of and Action by Directors.  A majority of the directors in office shall constitute a quorum of the Board of Directors for the transaction of business; but a lesser number may adjourn from day to day until a quorum is present.  Except as otherwise provided by law or in these Bylaws, all questions shall be decided by the vote of a majority of the directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present.

3.8.           Board and Committee Action Without a Meeting.  Unless otherwise restricted by the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws, any action required or permitted to be taken at a meeting of the Board of Directors or any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting if a consent in writing, setting forth the action so taken, is signed by all the members of the Board of Directors or such committee, as the case may be, and shall be filed with the Secretary.

3.9.           Board and Committee Telephone Meetings.  Subject to the provisions required or permitted by the NRS for notice of meetings, unless otherwise restricted by the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws, members of the Board of Directors, or members of any committee designated by the Board of Directors, may participate in and hold a meeting of such Board of Directors or committee by means of conference telephone or similar communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and participation in a meeting pursuant to this Paragraph 3.9 shall constitute presence in person at such meeting, except where a person participates in the meeting for the express purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business on the ground that the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.

3.10.         Compensation.  Directors shall receive such compensation for their services as shall be determined by the Board of Directors.

3.11.         Removal.  Directors may be removed from office in the matter set forth in the Articles of Incorporation, subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock to elect directors under specific circumstances.

3.12.         Committees of the Board of Directors.

(a)            The Board of Directors, by resolution adopted by a majority of the full Board of Directors, may designate from among its members one or more committees (in addition to those listed below), each of which shall be comprised of one or more of its members, and may designate one or more of its members as alternate members of any committee, who may, subject to any limitations by the Board of Directors, replace absent or disqualified members at any meeting of that committee.  Any such committee, to the extent provided in such resolution or in the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws, shall have and may exercise all of the authority of the Board of Directors to the extent permitted by the NRS, including, without limitation, the power and authority to declare a dividend, to authorize the issuance of stock or to adopt a plan of merger pursuant to Section 78.125 of the NRS.  Any such committee may authorize the seal of the Company to be affixed to all papers which may require it.  In addition to the above, such committee or committees shall have such other powers and limitations of authority as may be determined from time to time by resolution adopted by the Board of Directors.

(b)            The Board of Directors shall have the power at any time to change the membership of any such committee and to fill vacancies in it.  A majority of the number of members of any such committee shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business unless a greater number is required by a resolution adopted by the Board of Directors.  The act of the majority of the members of a committee present at any meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of such committee, unless the act of a greater number is required by a resolution adopted by the Board of Directors.  Each such committee may elect a chairman and appoint such subcommittees and assistants as it may deem necessary.  Except as otherwise provided by the Board of Directors, meetings of any committee shall be conducted in accordance with Paragraphs 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9 and 7.3 hereof.  In the absence or disqualification of a member of a committee, the member or members present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not constituting a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in the place of the absent or disqualified member.  Any member of any such committee elected or appointed by the Board of Directors may be removed by the Board of Directors whenever in its judgment the best interests of the Company will be served thereby, but such removal shall be without prejudice to the contract rights, if any, of the person so removed.  Election or appointment of a member of a committee shall not of itself create contract rights.

(c)            Any action taken by any committee of the Board of Directors shall promptly be recorded in the minutes and filed with the Secretary.

(d)            Notwithstanding anything herein contained to the contrary, the composition and powers of any committee of the Board of Directors are expressly subject to the requirements of any stock exchange or quotation system on which the capital stock of the Company is traded or quoted, or the Exchange Act.

(e)            Executive Committee.  The Board of Directors may create an Executive Committee of the Board of Directors, which committee shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of Directors between regular or special meetings of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the Company, except to the extent limited by Nevada law.  Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Executive Committee shall have the power and authority to (i) declare dividends on any class of capital stock of the Company, (ii) authorize the issuance of capital stock of the Company, (iii) adopt plans of merger, and (iv) in reference to amending the Articles of Incorporation, to the extent authorized in the resolution or resolutions providing for the issuance of shares of capital stock adopted by the Board of Directors, fix the designations and any of the preferences or rights of such shares relating to dividends, redemptions, dissolution, any distribution of assets of the Company or the conversion into, or the exchange of such shares for, shares of any other class or classes or any other series of the same or any other class or classes of stock of the Company or fix the number of shares of any series of stock or authorize the increase or decrease of the shares of any series.

(f)             Audit Committee.  The Board of Directors may create an Audit Committee of the Board of Directors whose members shall consist solely of directors who are not employees or affiliates of the Company and have no relationship with the Company that would, in the judgment of the Board of Directors, interfere with their exercise of independent judgment as a member of such committee.  The Audit Committee shall have and may exercise the power and authority to recommend to the Board of Directors the accounting firm to be selected by the Board of Directors or to be recommended by it for stockholder approval, as independent auditor of the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries, and to act on behalf of the Board of Directors in meeting and reviewing with the independent auditors, the chief accounting officer, the chief internal auditor, if any, and the appropriate corporate officers, matters relating to corporate financial reporting and accounting procedures and policies, adequacy of financial, accounting and operating controls and the scope of the respective audits of the independent auditors and the internal auditor, if any.  The Audit Committee shall also review the results of such audits with the respective auditors and shall report the results of those reviews to the Board of Directors.  The Audit Committee shall submit to the Board of Directors any recommendations it may have from time to time with respect to financial reporting and accounting practices and policies and financial, accounting and operational controls and safeguards.  The Audit Committee may submit to the Compensation Committee any recommendations it may have with respect to the compensation of the chief accounting officer and the chief internal auditor, if any.  The Board of Directors shall, by resolution adopted by a majority of the Board of Directors, designate not less than two of its qualifying members from time to time to constitute members of the Audit Committee.

(g)            Nominating Committee.  The Board of Directors may create a Nominating Committee of the Board of Directors, which committee shall have and may exercise the power and authority to recommend to the Board of Directors prior to each annual meeting of the stockholders of the Company: (i) the appropriate size and composition of the Board of Directors; and (ii) nominees: (1) for election to the Board of Directors for whom the Company should solicit proxies; (2) to serve as proxies in connection with the annual stockholders’ meeting; and (3) for election to all committees of the Board of Directors other than the Nominating Committee.  The Board of Directors shall, by resolution adopted by a majority of the Board, designate one or more of its members from time to time to constitute members of the Nominating Committee.

(h)            Compensation Committee.  The Board of Directors may create a Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, whose members shall consist solely of directors who are not employees or affiliates of the Company and have no relationship with the Company that would, in the judgment of the Board of Directors, interfere with their exercise of independent judgment as a member of such committee.  The Compensation Committee shall have and may exercise all the power and authority to (i) establish a general compensation policy for the officers and employees of the Company, including to establish and at least annually review officers’ salaries and levels of officers’ participation in the benefit plans of the Company, (ii) prepare any reports that may be required by the regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission or otherwise relating to officer compensation, (iii) approve any increases in directors’ fees, and (iv) exercise all other powers of the Board of Directors with respect to matters involving the compensation of employees and the employee benefits of the Company as shall be delegated by the Board of Directors to the Compensation Committee from time to time.  Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Compensation Committee shall have the power and authority to authorize the issuance of capital stock of the Company pursuant to any compensation or benefit plan or arrangement adopted or entered into by the Company.  The Board of Directors shall, by resolution adopted by a majority of the Board, designate two or more of its qualifying members from time to time to constitute members of the Compensation Committee.

4.1.           Designation.  The officers of the Company shall consist of a Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Operating Officer, Secretary, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, Controller and such Executive, Senior or other Vice Presidents, Assistant Secretaries, Assistant Treasurers, Assistant Controllers and other officers as may be elected or appointed by the Board of Directors from time to time.  Any number of offices may be held by the same person.  The Chairman of the Board may also serve as the Chief Executive Officer.  The Chairman of the Board shall be chosen from the directors.  All officers chosen by the Board of Directors shall each have such powers and duties as generally pertain to their respective stockholders and of the Board of Directors.

4.2.           Election and Term of Office.  The elected officers of the Company shall be elected annually by the Board of Directors at the regular meeting of the Board of Directors held at the time of each annual meeting of the stockholders.  If the election of officers shall not be held at such meeting, such election shall be held as soon thereafter as convenient.  Subject to Paragraph 4.17 of these Bylaws, each officer shall hold office until such officer’s successor shall have been duly elected and shall have qualified or until such officer’s death or until such officer shall resign.

4.3.           Chairman of the Board.  The Chairman of the Board shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the Company and shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and of the Board of Directors.  Except where by law the signature of the President is required, the Chairman of the Board shall possess the same power as the President to sign all contracts, certificates and other instruments of the Company which may be authorized by the Board of Directors.  The Chairman of the Board shall also perform such other duties and may exercise such other powers as from time to time may be assigned to him by these Bylaws or by the Board of Directors.  In the absence or incapacity to act of the President, the Chairman of the Board shall serve as acting President, and when so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to the restrictions of such office.

4.4.           Chief Executive Officer.  The Chief Executive Officer shall be responsible for the general management of the affairs of the Company and shall perform all duties incidental to the Chief Executive Officer’s office which may be required by law and all such other duties as are properly required of him by the Board of Directors.  The Chief Executive Officer shall see that all orders and resolutions of the Board of Directors and of any committee thereof are carried into effect.

4.5.           President.  The President shall be the Chief Operating Officer of the Company and shall have general supervision and control of the business, affairs and properties of the Company and its general officers, and shall see that all orders and resolutions of the Board of Directors are carried into effect.  He shall have the power to appoint and remove all subordinate officers, agents and employees, except those elected or appointed by the Board of Directors, and shall execute all bonds, mortgages, contracts and other instruments of the Company requiring a seal, under the seal of the Company, except where required or permitted by law to be otherwise signed and executed and except that the other officers of the Company may sign and execute documents when so authorized by these Bylaws, the Board of Directors or the President.  The President shall also perform such other duties and may exercise such other powers as from time to time may be assigned to him by these Bylaws or by the Board of Directors.  In the incapacity to act of the Chairman of the Board, the President shall serve as acting Chairman of the Board, and when so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to the restrictions of such office.

4.6.           Chief Operating Officer.  As the Chief Operating Officer, the President shall have general charge and supervision of the day to day operations of the Company (subject to the direction of the Board of Directors), and, in general, shall perform such other duties as are incident to the office of a chief operating officer of a corporation, including those duties customarily performed by persons occupying such office, and shall perform such other duties as, from time to time, may be assigned to him by the Board of Directors.

4.7.           Vice President.  The Board of Directors may appoint such Vice Presidents as may be recommended by the President or as the directors deem necessary or appropriate.  Vice Presidents may be designated as Senior Vice Presidents, Executive Vice Presidents or some other designation as the Board of Directors deems appropriate (each a “Vice President”).  Each Vice President shall perform such duties as the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe and have such other powers as the President may from time to time prescribe.

4.8.           Chief Financial Officer.  The Chief Financial Officer shall be the chief accounting officer of the Company and shall have general charge and supervision of the day to day financial operations of the Company (subject to the direction of the Board of Directors), and, in general, shall perform such other duties as are incident to the office of a chief financial officer of a corporation, including those duties customarily performed by persons occupying such office, and shall perform such other duties as, from time to time, may be assigned to him by the Board of Directors or the Audit Committee.

4.9.           Secretary.  The Secretary shall attend the meetings of the Board of Directors and all meetings of stockholders and record the proceedings thereof in a book or books to be kept for that purpose; the Secretary shall also perform like duties for the standing committees when required.  The Secretary shall give, or cause to be given, notice of all meetings of the stockholders and special meetings of the Board of Directors, and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors or President, under whose supervision he shall be.  If the Secretary shall be unable or shall refuse to cause to be given notice of all meetings of the stockholders and special meetings of the Board of Directors, and if there be no Assistant Secretary, then the Chairman of the Board may choose another officer to cause such notice to be given.  The Secretary shall have custody of the seal of the Company and the Secretary or any Assistant Secretary, if there be one, shall have authority to affix the same to any instrument requiring it and when so affixed, it may be attested by the signature of the Secretary or by the signature of any such Assistant Secretary.  The Board of Directors may give general authority to any other officer to affix the seal of the Company and to attest the affixing by his signature.  The Secretary shall see that all books, reports, statements, certificates and other documents and records required by law to be kept or filed are properly kept or filed, as the case may be.

4.10.         Treasurer.  The Treasurer shall have the custody of the Company’s funds and securities and shall keep full and accurate accounts of receipt and disbursements in books belonging to the Company and shall deposit all moneys and other valuable effects in the name and to the credit of the Company in such depositories as may be designated by the Chief Financial Officer or the Board of Directors.  The Treasurer shall disburse the funds of the Company as may be ordered by the Chief Financial Officer or the Board of Directors, taking proper vouchers for such disbursements, and shall render to the Chairman of the Board and the Board of Directors, at its regular meeting, or when the Board of Directors so requires, an account of all his transactions as Treasurer and of the liquidity of the Company.  If required by the Board of Directors, the Treasurer shall give the Company a bond in such sum and with such surety or sureties as shall be satisfactory to the Board of Directors for the faithful performance of the duties of his office and for the restoration to the Company, in case of his death, resignation, retirement or removal from office, of all books papers, vouchers, money and other property of whatever kind in his possession or under his control belonging to the Company.

4.11.         Controller.  The Controller, if there is one, shall maintain records of all assets, liabilities, and transactions of the Company and shall be responsible for the design, installation and maintenance of accounting and cost control systems and procedures for the Company and shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as from time to time may be assigned to him by the Chief Financial Officer, Board of Directors or the Audit Committee.

4.12.         Assistant Secretaries.  Except as may be otherwise provided in these Bylaws, Assistant Secretaries, if there be any, shall perform such duties and have such powers as from time to time may be assigned to them by the Board of Directors, the President, any Vice President, or the Secretary, and in the absence of the Secretary or in the event of his disability or refusal to act, shall perform the duties of the Secretary, and when so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the Secretary.

4.13.         Assistant Treasurers.  Assistant Treasurers, if there be any, shall perform such duties and have such powers as from time to time may be assigned to them by the Board of Directors, the President or the Treasurer, and in the absence of the Treasurer or in the event of his disability or refusal to act, shall perform the duties of the Treasurer, and when so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the Treasurer.  If required by the Board of Directors, an Assistant Treasurer shall give the Company a bond in such sum and with such surety or sureties as shall be satisfactory to the Board of Directors for the faithful performance of the duties of his office and for the restoration to the Company, in case of his death, resignation, retirement or removal from office, of all books, papers, vouchers, money and other property of whatever kind in his possession or under his control belonging to the Company.

4.14.         Assistant Controllers.  Except as may be otherwise provided in these Bylaws, Assistant Controllers, if there be any, shall perform such duties and have such powers as from time to time may be assigned to them by the Board of Directors, the President, any Vice President, or the Controller, and in the absence of the Controller or in the event of his disability or refusal to act, shall perform the duties of the Controller, and when so acting, shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the Controller.

4.15.         Other Officers.  Such other officers as the Board of Directors may choose shall perform such duties and have such powers, subordinate to those powers specifically delegated to certain officer in these Bylaws, as from time to time may be assigned to them by the Board of Directors.  The President of the Company shall have the power to choose such other officers and to prescribe their respective duties and powers, subject to control by the Board of Directors.

4.16.         Vacancies.  Whenever any vacancies shall occur in any office by death, resignation, increase in the number of offices of the Company, or otherwise, the same shall be filled by the Board of Directors (or the President, in accordance with Paragraph 4.3 of these Bylaws, subject to control by the Board of Directors), and the officer so appointed shall hold office until such officer’s successor is elected or appointed in accordance with these Bylaws or until his earlier death, resignation or removal.

4.17.         Removal.  Any officer or agent of the Company may be removed by the Board of Directors whenever in its judgment the best interests of the Company will be served thereby, but such removal shall be without prejudice to the contract rights, if any, of the person so removed.  Election or appointment of an officer or agent shall not of itself create contract rights.

4.18.         Action with Respect to Securities of Other Corporations.  Unless otherwise directed by the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, the President, any Vice President and the Treasurer of the Company shall each have power to vote and otherwise act on behalf of the Company, in person or by proxy, at any meeting of security holders of or with respect to any action of security holders of any other corporation in which the Company may hold securities and otherwise to exercise any and all rights and powers which the Company may possess by reason of its ownership of securities in such other corporation.

5.1.           Certificates for Shares.  The certificates for shares of the capital stock of the Company shall be in such form as may be approved by the Board of Directors from time to time.  The Company shall deliver one or more certificates to each of the Company’s stockholders, which shall represent the number of shares to which such stockholder is entitled.  Certificates shall be signed by the Chairman of the Board, the President or a Vice President and either the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary, and may bear the seal of the Company or a facsimile thereof.  The signatures of such officers upon a certificate may be facsimiles.  The stock record books and the blank stock certificates shall be kept by the Secretary, or at the office of such transfer agent or transfer agents as the Board of Directors may from time to time by resolution determine.  In case any officer who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon such certificate shall have ceased to be such officer before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Company with the same effect as if such person were such officer at the date of its issuance.

5.2.           Multiple Classes of Stock.  As the Company is authorized to issue more than one class of capital stock and more than one series of preferred stock, a statement of the powers, designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualification, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights shall be set forth in full or summarized on the face or back of each of the certificates the Company issues to represent such class or series of stock; provided that, to the extent allowed by law, in lieu of such statement, the face or back of such certificates may state that the Company will furnish a copy of such statement without charge to each requesting stockholder.

5.3.           Transfer of Shares.  The shares of stock of the Company shall be transferable only on the books of the Company by the holders thereof in person or by their duly authorized attorneys or legal representatives upon surrender and cancellation of certificates for a like number of shares.

5.4.           Ownership of Shares.  As the Company is entitled to treat the holder of record of any share or shares of capital stock as the holder in fact thereof under Paragraph 2.5 hereof, the Company shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or shares on the part of any other person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise provided by the laws of the State of Nevada.

5.5.           Regulations Regarding Certificates.  The Board of Directors shall have the power and authority to make all such rules and regulations as they may deem expedient concerning the issue, transfer and registration or the replacement of certificates for shares of capital stock of the Company.

5.6.           Lost or Destroyed Certificates.  The Board of Directors may determine the conditions upon which a new certificate representing shares of the capital stock of the Company may be issued in place of a certificate which is alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed; and may, in its discretion, require the owner of such certificate or his legal representative to give bond, with sufficient surety, to indemnify the Company and each transfer agent and registrar against any and all losses or claims that may arise by reason of the issue of a new certificate in the place of the one so lost, stolen or destroyed.

6.1.           General.  The Company shall indemnify its directors, officers, employees, agents and others as provided in the Articles of Incorporation.  

6.2.           Request for Indemnification.  A party requesting indemnification (the “Indemnitee”) shall submit notice of such request in writing to the Secretary of the Company.  Such notice of request for indemnification shall contain sufficient information to reasonably inform the Company about the nature and extent of the indemnification or advance sought by the Indemnitee.  The Secretary shall promptly advise the Board of Directors of any such request.

6.3.           Extension of Rights.  No amendment, alteration or repeal of this Article VI or any provision hereof shall be effective as to any Indemnitee for acts, events and circumstances that occurred, in whole or in part, before such amendment, alteration or repeal.  The provisions of this Article VI shall continue as to an Indemnitee whose Corporate Status has ceased for any reason and shall inure to the benefit of his heirs, executors and administrators.  Neither the provisions of this Article VI nor those of any agreement to which the Company is a party shall be deemed to preclude the indemnification of any person who is not specified in this Article VI as having the right to receive indemnification or is not a party to any such agreement, but whom the Company has the power or obligation to indemnify under the provisions of the NRS.

6.4.           Insurance and Subrogation.  The Company shall not be liable under the Articles of Incorporation or this Article VI to make any payment of amounts otherwise indemnifiable hereunder if, but only to the extent that, the Indemnitee has otherwise actually received such payment under any insurance policy, contract, agreement or otherwise.  In the event of any payment hereunder, the Company shall be subrogated to the extent of such payment to all the rights of recovery of the Indemnitee, who shall execute all papers required and take all action reasonably requested by the Company to secure such rights, including execution of such documents as are necessary to enable the Company to bring suit to enforce such rights.

6.5.           Severability.  If any provision or provisions of this Article VI shall be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable for any reason whatsoever, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby; and, to the fullest extent possible, the provisions of this Article VI shall be construed so as to give effect to the intent manifested by the provision held invalid, illegal or unenforceable.

6.6.           Notices.  Promptly after receipt by the Indemnitee of notice of the commencement of any action, suit or proceeding, the Indemnitee shall, if he anticipates or contemplates making a claim for expenses or an advance pursuant to the terms of the Articles of Incorporation and this Article VI, notify the Company of the commencement of such action, suit or proceeding; provided, however, that any delay in so notifying the Company shall not constitute a waiver or release by the Indemnitee of rights hereunder and that any omission by the Indemnitee to so notify the Company shall not relieve the Company from any liability that it may have to the Indemnitee otherwise than under the Articles of Incorporation or this Article VI.  Any communication required or permitted to the Company shall be addressed to the Secretary and any such communication to the Indemnitee shall be addressed to the Indemnitee’s address as shown on the Company’s records unless he specifies otherwise and shall be personally delivered or delivered by overnight mail delivery.  Any such notice shall be effective upon receipt.

6.7.           Contractual Rights.  The right to be indemnified or to the advancement or reimbursement of expenses (a) is a contract right based upon good and valuable consideration, pursuant to which the Indemnitee may sue as if these provisions were set forth in a separate written contract between the Indemnitee and the Company, (b) is and is intended to be retroactive and shall be available as to events occurring prior to the adoption of these provisions, and (c) shall continue after any rescission or restrictive modification of such provisions as to events occurring prior thereto.

7.1.           Bylaw Amendments.  These Bylaws may be amended as provided in the Articles of Incorporation.

7.2.           Books and Records.  The Company shall keep books and records of account and shall keep minutes of the proceedings of its stockholders, its Board of Directors and each committee of its Board of Directors.

7.3.           Notices; Waiver of Notice.  Whenever any notice is required to be given to any stockholder, director or committee member under the provisions of the NRS, the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws, said notice shall be deemed to be sufficient if given by deposit of the same in the United States mail, with postage paid thereon, addressed to the person entitled thereto at his address as it appears on the records of the Company, and such notice shall be deemed to have been given on the day of such mailing.

Whenever any notice is required to be given to any stockholder, director or committee member under the provisions of the NRS, the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws, a waiver thereof in writing signed by the person or persons entitled to such notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be equivalent to the giving of such notice.  Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened.

7.4.           Resignations.  Any director or officer may resign at any time.  Such resignations shall be made in writing and shall take effect at the time specified therein, or, if no time be specified, at the time of its receipt by the President or the Secretary.  The acceptance of a resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective, unless expressly so provided in the resignation.

7.5.           Seal.  The seal of the Company shall be in such form as the Board of Directors may adopt.

7.6.           Fiscal Year.  The fiscal year of the Company shall be as provided by a resolution adopted by the Board of Directors.

7.7.           Facsimile Signatures.  In addition to the provisions for the use of facsimile signatures elsewhere specifically authorized in these Bylaws, facsimile signatures of any director or officer of the Company may be used whenever and as authorized by the Board of Directors.

7.8.           Reliance upon Books, Reports and Records.  Each director and each member of any committee designated by the Board of Directors shall, in the performance of his duties, be fully protected in relying in good faith upon the books of account or reports made to the Company by any of its officers, or by an independent certified public accountant, or by an appraiser selected with reasonable care by the Board of Directors or by any such committee, or in relying in good faith upon other records of the Company.

8.1.           Adoption.  These Bylaws were adopted by the Board of Directors as of January 23, 2008.

 

 

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