1993 Stock Option Plan

EX-10.11 18 d15854exv10w11.txt 1993 STOCK OPTION PLAN EXHIBIT 10.11 CONFIDENTIAL BIONUMERIK PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. 1993 STOCK OPTION PLAN 1. Purposes of the Plan. The purposes of this Stock Option Plan are to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility, to provide additional incentive to Employees and Consultants of the Company and its Subsidiaries and to promote the success of the Company's business. Options granted under this Plan may be incentive stock options (as defined under Section 422 of the Code) or nonqualified stock options, as determined by the Administrator at the time of grant of an option and subject to the applicable provisions of Section 422 of the Code, as amended, and the regulations promulgated thereunder. 2. Definitions. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply: (a) "Administrator" means the Board or any of its Committees, as applicable, that is administering the Plan pursuant to Section 4 of the Plan. (b) "Board" means the Board of Directors of the Company. (c) "Code" means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. (d) "Committee" means the Committee appointed by the Board of Directors in accordance with paragraph (a) of Section 4 of the Plan. (e) "Company" means BioNumerik Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Texas corporation. (f) "Consultant" means any consultant or advisor to the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary and any director of the Company whether compensated for such services or not, provided that if and in the event the Company registers any class of any equity security pursuant to the Exchange Act, the term Consultant shall thereafter not include directors who are not compensated for their services or are paid only a director's fee by the Company. (g) "Continuous Status as an Employee" means the absence of any interruption or termination of the employment relationship by the Company or any Subsidiary. Continuous Status as an Employee shall not be considered interrupted in the case of (i) any leave of absence approved by the Board, including sick leave, military leave, or any other personal leave; provided, however, that for purposes of Incentive Stock Options, such leave is for a period of not more than ninety (90) days, unless reemployment upon the expiration of such leave is guaranteed by contract or statute, or unless provided otherwise pursuant to Company policy adopted from time to time; or (ii) in the case of transfers between locations of the Company or between the Company, its Subsidiaries or its successor. (h) "Employee" means any person, including officers and directors, employed by the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary of the Company. The payment of a director's fee by the Company shall not be sufficient to constitute "employment" by the Company. (i) "Exchange Act" means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. (j) "Fair Market Value" means, as of any date, the value of Stock determined as follows: (i) If the Stock is listed on any established stock exchange or a national market system including without limitation the National Market System of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. Automated Quotation ("NASDAQ") System, its Fair Market Value shall be the closing sales price for such stock (or the closing bid, if no sales were reported, as quoted on such system or exchange or the exchange with the greatest volume of trading in Stock for the last market trading day prior to the time of determination) as reported in the Wall Street Journal or such other source as the Administrator deems reliable; (ii) If the Stock is quoted on the NASDAQ System (but not on the National Market System thereof) or regularly quoted by a recognized securities dealer but selling prices are not reported, its Fair Market Value shall be the mean between the high and low asked prices for the Stock; or (iii) In the absence of an established market for the Stock, the Fair Market Value thereof shall be determined in good faith by the Administrator. (k) "Incentive Stock Option" means an Option intended to qualify as an incentive stock option within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code. (1) "Nonqualified Stock Option" means an Option not intended to qualify as an Incentive Stock Option. (m) "Option" means a stock option granted pursuant to the Plan. (n) "Optioned Stock" means the Stock subject to an Option. (o) "Optionee" means an Employee or Consultant who receives an Option. (p) "Parent" means a "parent corporation," whether now or hereafter existing, as defined in Section 424(e) of the Code. (q) "Plan" means this 1993 Stock Option Plan, as amended and restated. (r) "Share" means a share of the Stock, as adjusted in accordance with Section 12 of the Plan. 2 (s) "Stock" means the Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, of the Company. (t) "Subsidiary" means a "subsidiary corporation," whether now or hereafter existing, as defined in Section 424(f) of the Code. 3. Stock Subject to the Plan. Subject to the provisions of Section 12 of the Plan, the maximum number of shares of Stock which may be optioned and sold under the Plan is 2,000,000 shares. The shares may be authorized, but unissued, or reacquired Stock. If an Option should expire or become unexercisable for any reason without having been exercised in full, the unpurchased Shares which were subject thereto shall, unless the Plan shall have been terminated, become available for future grant under the Plan. 4. Administration of the Plan. (a) Procedure. (i) Administration With Respect to Directors and Officers. With respect to grants of Options to Employees who are also officers or directors of the Company, the Plan shall be administered by (A) the Board or (B) a Committee designated by the Board to administer the Plan, which Committee shall be constituted in such a manner as to permit the Plan to comply with Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act or any successor thereto ("Rule 16b-3") with respect to a plan intended to qualify thereunder as a discretionary plan. Once appointed, such Committee shall continue to serve in its designated capacity until otherwise directed by the Board. From time to time the Board may increase the size of the Committee and appoint additional members thereof, remove members (with or without cause) and appoint new members in substitution therefor, fill vacancies, however caused, and remove all members of the Committee and thereafter directly administer the Plan, all to the extent permitted by Rule 16b-3 with respect to a plan intended to qualify thereunder as a discretionary plan. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Plan shall not be administered by the Board if (a) the Company and its officers and directors are then subject to the requirements of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and (b) the Board's administration of the Plan would prevent the Plan from complying with Rule 16b-3. (ii) Multiple Administrative Bodies. If permitted by Rule 16b-3, the Plan may be administered by different bodies with respect to directors, nondirector officers and Employees who are neither directors nor officers. (iii) Administration With Respect to Consultants and Other Employees. With respect to grants of Options to Employees or Consultants who are neither directors nor officers of the Company, the Plan shall be administered by (A) the Board or (B) a Committee designated by the Board, which Committee shall be constituted in such a manner as to satisfy the legal requirements relating to the 3 administration of incentive stock option plans, if any, of corporate and securities laws applicable to the Company and of the Code (the "Applicable Laws"). Once appointed, such Committee shall continue to serve in its designated capacity until otherwise directed by the Board. From time to time the Board may increase the size of the Committee and appoint additional members thereof, remove members (with or without cause) and appoint new members in substitution therefor, fill vacancies, however caused, and remove all members of the Committee and thereafter directly administer the Plan, all to the extent permitted by the Applicable Laws. (b) Powers of the Administrator. Subject to the provisions of the Plan and in the case of a Committee, the specific duties delegated by the Board to such Committee, the Administrator shall have the authority, in its discretion: (i) to determine the Fair Market Value of the Stock, in accordance with Section 2(j) of the Plan; (ii) to select the officers, Consultants and Employees to whom Options may from time to time be granted hereunder; (iii) to determine whether and to what extent Options are granted hereunder; (iv) to determine the number of shares of Stock to be covered by each such award granted hereunder; (v) to approve forms of agreement for use under the Plan; (vi) to determine the terms and conditions, not inconsistent with the terms of the Plan, of any award granted hereunder (including, but not limited to, the per share exercise price for the Shares to be issued pursuant to the exercise of an Option and any restriction or limitation, or any vesting acceleration or waiver of forfeiture restrictions regarding any Option or other award and/or the shares of Stock relating thereto, based in each case on such factors as the Administrator shall determine, in its sole discretion); (vii) to determine whether and under what circumstances an Option may be bought-out for cash under subsection 9(f); (viii) to determine whether, to what extent and under what circumstances Stock and other amounts payable with respect to an award under this Plan shall be deferred either automatically or at the election of the participant (including providing for and determining the amount during any deferral period); and 4 (ix) to reduce the exercise price of any Option to the then current Fair Market Value if the Fair Market Value of the Stock covered by such Option shall have declined since the date the Option was granted. (c) Effect of Committee's Decision. All decisions, determinations and interpretations of the Administrator shall be final and binding on all Optionees and any other holders of any Options. Neither the Committee nor any member thereof shall be liable for any act, omission, interpretation, construction or determination made in connection with the Plan in good faith, and the members of the Committee shall be entitled to indemnification and reimbursement by the Company in respect of any claim, loss, damage or expense (including counsel fees) arising therefrom to the full extent permitted by law. 5. Eligibility. (a) Nonqualified Stock Options may be granted to Employees and Consultants. Incentive Stock Options may be granted only to Employees. An Employee or Consultant who has been granted an Option may, if he is otherwise eligible, be granted an additional Option or Options. (b) Each Option shall be designated in the written option agreement as either an Incentive Stock Option or a Nonqualified Stock Option. However, notwithstanding such designations, to the extent that the aggregate Fair Market Value of the Shares with respect to which Options designated as Incentive Stock Options are exercisable for the first time by any Optionee during any calendar year (under all plans of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary) exceeds $100,000, such excess Options shall be treated as Nonqualified Stock Options. (c) For purposes of Section 5(b), Incentive Stock Options shall be taken into account in the order in which they were granted, and the Fair Market Value of the Shares shall be determined as of the time the Option with respect to such Shares is granted. (d) The Plan shall not confer upon any Optionee any right with respect to continuation of employment or consulting relationship with the Company, nor shall it interfere in any way with his right or the Company's right to terminate his employment or consulting relationship at any time, with or without cause, unless otherwise agreed in writing by the Company and such Optionee. 6. Term of Plan. The Plan shall become effective upon its adoption by the Board of Directors. It shall continue in effect until September 10, 2003 unless extended by the Board or sooner terminated under Section 14 of the Plan. No grants of Options will be made pursuant to the Plan after September 10, 2003. 5 7. Term of Option. The term of each Option shall be the term stated in the Option Agreement; provided, however, that in the case of an Incentive Stock Option, the term shall be no more than ten (10) years from the date of grant thereof or such shorter term as may be provided in the Option Agreement. However, in the case of an Incentive Stock Option granted to an Optionee who, at the time the Option is granted, owns Stock representing more than ten percent (10%) of the voting power of all classes of stock of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary, the term of the Option shall be five (5) years from the date of grant thereof or such shorter term as may be provided in the Option Agreement. 8. Option Exercise Price and Consideration. (a) The per share exercise price for the Shares to be issued pursuant to exercise of an Option shall be such price as is determined by the Administrator, but shall be subject to the following: In the case of an Incentive Stock Option (i) granted to an Employee who, at the time of the grant of such Incentive Stock Option, owns stock representing more than ten percent (10%) of the voting power of all classes of stock of the Company or any Parent or Subsidiary, the per Share exercise price shall be no less than 110% of the Fair Market Value per Share on the date of grant. (ii) granted to any Employee, the per Share exercise price shall be no less than 100% of the Fair Market Value per Share on the date of grant. (b) The consideration to be paid for the Shares to be issued upon exercise of an Option, including the method of payment, shall be determined by the Administrator (and, in the case of an Incentive Stock Option, shall be determined at the time of grant) and may consist entirely of (1) cash, (2) check, (3) promissory note, (4) other shares of the Company's capital stock which (x) in the case of shares of the Company's capital stock acquired upon exercise of an Option either have been owned by the Optionee for more than six months on the date of surrender or were not acquired, directly or indirectly, from the Company, and (y) have a Fair Market Value on the date of surrender equal to the aggregate exercise price of the Shares as to which said Option shall be exercised, (5) authorization from the Company to retain from the total number of Shares as to which the Option is exercised that number of Shares having a Fair Market Value on the date of exercise equal to the exercise price for the total number of Shares as to which the Option is exercised, (6) delivery of a properly executed exercise notice together with irrevocable instructions to a broker to promptly deliver to the Company the amount of sale or loan proceeds required to pay the exercise price, (7) by delivering an irrevocable subscription agreement for the Shares which irrevocably obligates the option holder to take and pay for the Shares not more than twelve months after the date of delivery of the subscription agreement, (8) any combination of the foregoing methods of payment, (9) or such other 6 consideration and method of payment for the issuance of Shares to the extent permitted under applicable laws. 9. Exercise of Option. (a) Procedure for Exercise: Rights as a Stockholder. Any Option granted hereunder shall be exercisable at such times and under such conditions as determined by the Administrator, including performance criteria with respect to the Company and/or the Optionee, and as shall be permissible under the terms of the Plan. An Option may not be exercised for a fraction of a Share. An Option shall be deemed to be exercised, and the Optionee deemed to be a stockholder of the Shares being purchased upon exercise, when written notice of such exercise has been given to the Company in accordance with the terms of the Option by the person entitled to exercise the Option and full payment for the Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised has been received by the Company. Full payment may, as authorized by the Board, consist of any consideration and method of payment allowable under Section 8(b) of the Plan. Exercise of an Option in any manner shall result in a decrease in the number of Shares which thereafter may be available, both for purposes of the Plan and for sale under the Option, by the number of Shares as to which the Option is exercised. (b) Termination of Employment. In the event of termination of an Optionee's relationship as a Consultant (unless such termination is for purposes of becoming an Employee of the Company) or Continuous Status as an Employee with the Company (as the case may be), such Optionee may, but only within ninety (90) days (or such other period of time as is determined by the Board, with such determination in the case of an Incentive Stock Option being made at the time of grant of the Option and not exceeding ninety (90) days) after the date of such termination (but in no event later than the expiration date of the term of such Option as set forth in the Option Agreement), exercise his Option to the extent that Optionee was entitled to exercise it at the date of such termination. To the extent that Optionee was not entitled to exercise the Option at the date of such termination, or if Optionee does not exercise such Option to the extent so entitled within the time specified herein, the Option shall terminate. (c) Disability of Optionee. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 9(b) above, in the event of termination of an Optionee's relationship as a Consultant or Continuous Status as an Employee as a result of his total and permanent disability (as defined in Section 22(e)(3) of the Code), Optionee may, but only within twelve (12) months from the date of such termination (but in no event later than the expiration date of the term of such Option as set forth in the Option Agreement), exercise the Option to the extent otherwise entitled to exercise it at the date of such termination. To the extent that Optionee was not entitled to exercise the Option at the date of termination, or if Optionee does not exercise such Option to the extent so entitled within the time specified herein, the Option shall terminate. 7 (d) Death of Optionee. In the event of the death of an Optionee, the Option may be exercised, at any time within twelve (12) months following the date of death (but in no event later than the expiration date of the term of such Option as set forth in the Option Agreement), by the Optionee's estate or by a person who acquired the right to exercise the Option by bequest or inheritance, but only to the extent the Optionee was entitled to exercise the Option at the date of death. To the extent that Optionee was not entitled to exercise the Option at the date of death, or if the Optionee's estate (or such other person who acquired the right to exercise the Option) does not exercise such Option to the extent so entitled within the time specified herein, the Option shall terminate. (e) Rule 16b-3. Options granted to persons subject to Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act must comply with Rule 16b-3 and shall contain such additional conditions or restrictions as may be required thereunder to qualify for the maximum exemption from Section 16 of the Exchange Act with respect to Plan transactions. (f) Buyout Provisions. The Administrator may at any time offer to buy out for a payment in cash or Shares, an Option previously granted, based on such terms and conditions as the Administrator shall establish and communicate to the Optionee at the time that such offer is made. 10. Non-Transferability of Options. Unless determined otherwise by the Administrator, an Option may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred, or disposed of in any manner other than by will or by the laws of descent or distribution and may be exercised, during the lifetime of the Optionee, only by the Optionee. If the Administrator makes an Option transferable, such Option shall contain such additional terms and conditions as the Administrator deems appropriate. 11. Stock Withholding to Satisfy Withholding Tax Obligations. At the discretion of the Administrator, Optionees may satisfy withholding obligations as provided in this paragraph. When an Optionee incurs tax liability in connection with an Option, which tax liability is subject to tax withholding under applicable tax laws, and the Optionee is obligated to pay the Company an amount required to be withheld under applicable tax laws, the Optionee may satisfy the withholding tax obligation by electing to have the Company withhold from the Shares to be issued upon exercise of the Option, that number of Shares having a Fair Market Value equal to the amount required to be withheld. The Fair Market Value of the Shares to be withheld shall be determined on the date that the amount of tax to be withheld is to be determined (the "Tax Date"). All elections by an Optionee to have Shares withheld for this purpose shall be made in writing in a form acceptable to the Administrator and shall be subject to the following restrictions: (a) the election must be made on or prior to the applicable Tax Date; (b) once made, the election shall be irrevocable as to the particular Shares of the Option or Right as to which the election is made; 8 (c) all elections shall be subject to the consent or disapproval of the Administrator; and (d) if the Optionee is subject to Rule 16b-3, the election must comply with the applicable provisions of Rule 16b-3 and shall be subject to such additional conditions or restrictions as may be required thereunder to qualify for the maximum exemption from Section 16 of the Exchange Act with respect to Plan transactions. In the event the election to have Shares withheld is made by an Optionee and the Tax Date is deferred under Section 83 of the Code because no election is filed under Section 83(b) of the Code, the Optionee shall receive the full number of Shares with respect to which the Option is exercised but such Optionee shall be unconditionally obligated to tender back to the Company the proper number of Shares on the Tax Date. 12. Adjustments Upon Changes in Capitalization, Merger or Change in Control. (a) Subject to any required action by the stockholders of the Company, the number of Shares covered by each outstanding Option, and the number of Shares which have been authorized for issuance under the Plan but as to which no Options have yet been granted or which have been returned to the Plan upon cancellation or expiration of an Option, as well as the price per share of Stock covered by each such outstanding Option, shall be proportionately adjusted for any increase or decrease in the number of issued shares of Stock (or Common Stock into which the Common Stock may be convertible) resulting from a stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, combination or reclassification of the Stock, or any other increase or decrease in the number of issued shares of Stock effected without receipt of consideration by the Company; provided, however, that conversion of any convertible securities of the Company shall not be deemed to have been "effected without receipt of consideration." Such adjustment shall be made by the Administrator, whose determination in that respect shall be final, binding and conclusive. Except as expressly provided herein, no issuance by the Company of shares of stock of any class, or securities convertible into shares of stock of any class, shall affect, and no adjustment by reason thereof shall be made with respect to, the number or price of shares of Stock subject to an Option. (b) In the event of the proposed dissolution or liquidation of the Company, the Board shall notify the Optionee at least fifteen (15) days prior to such proposed action. To the extent it has not been previously exercised, the Option will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such proposed action. In the event of a merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another entity or another transaction pursuant to which all or substantially all of the assets of the Company are conveyed to another entity, the Option shall be assumed or an equivalent option shall be substituted by such successor entity or a parent or subsidiary of such successor entity. In the event that such successor entity does not agree to assume the Option or to substitute an equivalent option, the Administrator shall, in lieu of such assumption or substitution, provide for the Optionee to have the right to exercise the Option as to all of the Optioned Stock, 9 including Shares as to which the Option would not otherwise be exercisable. If the Administrator makes an Option fully exercisable in lieu of assumption or substitution in the event of a merger, consolidation or other transaction covered by this paragraph, the Administrator shall notify the Optionee that the Option shall be fully exercisable for a period of fifteen (15) days from the date of such notice, and the Option will terminate upon the expiration of such period. (c) If the employment of any Optionee that is an Employee is terminated by the Company other than for Cause (as defined in subsection (d) below) within one year following a change in control (as defined below), then all outstanding Options held by such Optionee on the date of such termination shall automatically become 100% vested and fully exercisable. For this purpose, a "change in control" means the occurrence of any of the following after April 14, 1998: (i) The acquisition by any person of direct or indirect beneficial ownership of the Company's outstanding voting securities in an amount sufficient to elect a majority of the Company's Board of Directors. For purposes of this subsection (c), the term "person" means any group, corporation, partnership, association, trust (other than any trust holding stock for the account of Employees of the Company pursuant to any stock purchase, ownership or employee benefit plan of the Company), business entity, estate, or natural person, and "beneficial ownership" means the direct or indirect power to vote or to direct the voting of the security or the direct or indirect power to dispose or direct the disposition of the security. (ii) Completion of a tender offer or exchange offer for and acquisition of 50% or more of the voting securities of the Company that is required to be reported by the offeror to the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 14(d) of the Exchange Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. (iii) The merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another entity in a transaction in which the shareholders of the Company immediately prior to such transaction do not own more than 50% of the voting securities of the surviving entity immediately following such transaction. (iv) The sale or transfer of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, other than to a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. (d) For purposes of subsection (c) above, "Cause" shall be deemed to exist if: (i) Optionee (A) has intentionally failed or refused or habitually has neglected to carry out or to perform the reasonable duties required of Optionee as an employee of the Company, after written notice from the Company of such failure, refusal, neglect or breach and the expiration of ten (10) business days following the delivery of such notice during which such failure, refusal, neglect or breach has remained unremedied, or (B) has intentionally breached any statutory or common law duty of loyalty to the Company; 10 (ii) Optionee has been indicted on felony charges or convicted of fraud, embezzlement or any crime involving moral turpitude, unless the Board determines in good faith that such indictment or conviction is unlikely to have a material adverse effect on the Company's business or reputation; (iii) Optionee dies or becomes subject to a mental or physical condition that the Company, acting in good faith and upon reasonable grounds, determines will render Optionee unable to perform the essential functions of the job for which Optionee is employed (whether with or without reasonable accommodation on the part of the Company); or (iv) Optionee materially breaches any confidentiality or noncompetition agreement between Optionee and the Company. 13. Time of Granting Options. The date of grant of an Option shall, for all purposes, be the date on which the Administrator makes the determination granting such Option, or such other date as is determined by the Administrator. Notice of the determination shall be given to each Employee or Consultant to whom an Option is so granted within a reasonable time after the date of such grant. 14. Amendment and Termination of the Plan. (a) Amendment and Termination. The Board may at any time amend, alter, suspend or discontinue the Plan, but no amendment, alteration, suspension or discontinuation shall be made which would impair the rights of any Optionee under any grant theretofore made, without his or her consent. In addition, to the extent necessary and desirable to comply with Rule 16b-3 under the Exchange Act or with Section 422 of the Code (or any other applicable law or regulation, including the applicable requirements of the NASD or an established stock exchange), the Company shall obtain stockholder approval of any Plan amendment in such a manner and to such a degree as required. (b) Effect of Amendment or Termination. Any such amendment or termination of the Plan shall not affect Options already granted and such Options shall remain in full force and effect as if this Plan had not been amended or terminated, unless mutually agreed otherwise between the Optionee and the Board, which agreement must be in writing and signed by the Optionee and the Company. 15. Conditions Upon Issuance of Shares. Shares shall not be issued pursuant to the exercise of an Option unless the exercise of such Option and the issuance and delivery of such Shares pursuant thereto shall comply with all relevant provisions of law, including, without limitation, the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Exchange Act, the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, and the requirements of any stock exchange upon which the Shares may then be listed, and shall be further subject to the approval of counsel for the Company with respect to such compliance. 11 As a condition to the exercise of an Option, the Company may require the person exercising such Option to represent and warrant at the time of any such exercise that the Shares are being purchased only for investment and without any present intention to sell or distribute such Shares if, in the opinion of counsel for the Company, such a representation is required by any of the aforementioned relevant provisions of law. 16. Reservation of Shares. The Company, during the term of this Plan, will at all times reserve and keep available such number of Shares as shall be sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the Plan. The inability of the Company to obtain authority from any regulatory body having jurisdiction, which authority is deemed by the Company's counsel to be necessary to the lawful issuance and sale of any Shares hereunder, shall relieve the Company of any liability in respect of the failure to issue or sell such Shares as to which such requisite authority shall not have been obtained. 17. Agreements. Options shall be evidenced by written agreements in such form as the applicable Administrator shall approve from time to time. 18. Information to Optionees. The Company shall provide to each Optionee, during the period for which such Optionee has one or more Options outstanding, copies of all annual reports and other information which are generally provided to all stockholders of the Company. The Company shall not be required to provide such information to persons whose duties in connection with the Company assure their access to equivalent information. 19. Governing Law: Construction. All rights and obligations under the Plan shall be governed by, and the Plan shall be construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of Texas without regard to the principles of conflicts of laws. Titles and headings to Sections herein are for purposes of reference only, and shall in no way limit, define or otherwise affect the meaning or interpretation of any provisions of the Plan. 12